Pathology Flashcards
What is pathology?
When physiological processes go wrong= state of disease.
What is aetiology?
The cause of disease
What are aetiological agents?
Things that cause disease.
What categories do aetiological agents come in?
- infections
- traumatic
- nutritional
- chemical
what is the development of disease process?
- stimulus
- cellular injury
- cellular response
- structural and functional changes
- clinical signs
What causes the stimulus in the development of disease?
aietology
What will the cellular response consist of?
General Pathological processes:
- altered growth or differentiation
- inflammation and healing
- degeneration
- blow flow and circulatory changes
- neoplasia
What structural and functional factors may change in the development of disease?
- molecular
- cellular
- tissue/organ level
- gross, micro or biochemical level
- may change during the period of the disease
Why do you need to understand the aetiopathogenesis of disease?
- explains clinical signs
- enables a list of differential diagnoses to be produced
- decide which diagnostic tests to use to get a definitive diagnosis
- helps predict prognosis
- basis for treatment, control and prevention
What are congenital malformations?
structural, functional, metabolic or behavioural disorders
When do congenital abnormalities occur?
During intrauterine life and can be present at birth, but may become apparent later in life.
what is a teratogen?
foreign antigen that interfere with normal development of the embryo/ foetus, giving rise to a congenital malformation
What factors influence whether teratogens will cause congenital malformations?
- Agent factors
- Species susceptibility
- Maternal factors
- Embryo/foetus factors
What type of agent factors influence teratogen influence?
- Dose level
- Frequency of exposure
- Route of exposure- topical/ingested?
What maternal factors influence teratogens?
- Genetic makeup
- Metabolism
What foetal factors influence teratogens?
- Stages of development= most important
- Genetic makeup
- Metabolism
What could happen during the embryonic stage of development?
Organogenesis is happening- where organs are created from germ cells.
Sensitivity to teratogens: High
Result: death, abortion, major morphological abnormalities
What could happen during the foetal stage of development?
Histogenesis and functional maturation- growth and maturation of organs
Sensitivity to teratogens: Low
Result: death, abortion, growth retardation, minor morphological abnormalities
What are the two factors that cause congenital malformations?
- Genetic
- Environmental
Give examples of Genetic factors affecting congenital malformations.
- Gene Mutations- monogenic or polygenic
- Chromosomal abnormalities- numerical, structural, gamete meiosis.
What developmental failures can occur?
Agenesia Hypoplasia Dysraphia Atresia Failure of migration
What developmental excess issues can occur?
Hamartoma
supernumerary tissue