Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AD1 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the immune system?

A

A complex network of cells and soluble molecules which interact to remove a foreign object.
Defend the body but errors can occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the importance of the immune system?

A
  • Role in inflammation
  • failure can cause disease
  • disease symptoms are caused by the immune system reacting
  • can be very beneficial to harness the power- in vaccinations and immunotherapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the three outcomes when the immune system fails?

A
  • immunopathology= tissue damage from an excessive immune response
  • allergy= inappropriate response to an environment antigen
  • autoimmunity= failure to distinguish self from non-self
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is immunotherapy?

A

Check point inhibitor therapy, inhibit T cell action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is innate immunity?

A
  • first defence against infection
  • non-specific recognition
    1. Barriers
    2. cellular components
    3. soluble factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

Specific recognition of foreign material
Generates a memory for more rapid and vigorous response for a secondary encounter
Lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the barriers to infection for the innate immune system?

A

Barriers: urinary tract (low pH and flushing), Skin (physical, chemical and microbiological), Alimentary tract (physical- peristalsis, chemical), Respiratory tract (alveolar macrophages, mucociliary escalator) Cornea/ conjunctiva (blinking and antibodies in tears)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the soluble factors against infection in the innate immune system?

A
  • Complement- mediates the humoral response
  • Acute phase- similar to the complement proteins but activates the complement system
  • Interferons- activate cells to produce antiviral proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the complement system?

A

Opsonises pathogens with a layer of molecules that cells of the innate immune system have receptors for.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the cellular components of the innate immune system?

A
  • Phagocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, natural killer cells, basophils, macrophages
  • Natural killer cells
  • Mast cells
  • Dendritic cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

Kill parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Kill intracellular pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

Kill rapidly dividing bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do mast cells do?

A
  • Release histamine and other granules

- trigger an inflammatory response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A

Activate adaptive immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the process of phagocytosis?

A

chemotaxis— adherence— membrane activation—initiation— phagosome formation— fusion—killing and digestion— release of degenerated products

17
Q

What cells perform phagocytosis?

A
  • mononucleate leukocytes- monocytes, macrophages

- polymorphonucleated leukocytes- neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

18
Q

What are the functional classes of T cells?

A
  • CD8⁺
  • CD4⁺- T cells
  • CD4⁺- regulatory cells
19
Q

What do CD8⁺ cells do?

A

These are cytotoxic T cells

-kill virus-infected cells and target viruses

20
Q

What do CD4⁺ cells do?

A

These are T helper Cells

  • TH1= activate infected macrophages, provides B cell help, and targets microbes that persist on macrophage vesicles.
  • TH2= Provide B cell help, switching to IgE, antibody production and targets helminths
  • TFh= Follicular helper cell, B cell help, Antibody production, targets all pathogens
  • TH17= enhances neutrophil response, targets Klebsieua pneumonia fungi, promotes barrier integrity.
21
Q

What do CD4⁺ regulatory cells do?

A

Suppress and control T cell response when needed.

22
Q

Why are T cells important?

A
  • Control and eliminate infection
  • important for immunity and vaccine response
  • therapeutic applications
  • major role in disease pathogenesis
  • kill cancerous cells.
23
Q

What do T cells recognise?

A

Small peptide fragments bound to MHC molecules

24
Q

What is the MHC?

A

Major histocompatibility complex

25
Q

What types of MHC are there?

A

MHC class I and class II

26
Q

Antigen processing and presentation

A
  1. Antigen uptake
  2. Antigen processing
  3. Antigen presentation
    generation of small peptide fragments bound to MHC and transported to cell surface
27
Q

What is the MHC I processing pathway?

A

Detected by CD8 T cells
Antigens in the cytoplasm- endogenous or cytosolic- processed and presented by the MHC I
found on most nucleated cells
short peptide chain located between 2 𝛼 domains and one β domain

28
Q

What is the MHC II processing pathway?

A

Detected by CD4 T cells, found on antigen-presenting cells- dendritic cells, Macrophages, B cells
usually, exogenous antigens that are taken up by a cell and presented.
Longer peptide chain in-between 1 β and 1 𝛼 domains

29
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Chemical messengers that allow cellular communication, soluble and bind to specific receptors on the same cell or another cell and alter the function.
Produced locally and transiently.

30
Q

Some of the important roles throughout the immune system of cytokines.

A
  1. Haemopoietic- GM-CSF
  2. Regulatory- IL-10
  3. Cytotoxic- IFN-Ɣ
  4. Autocrine- IL-2
31
Q

What are Pattern recognising receptors?

A

Receptors that recognise specific patterns- such as sugars, proteins, lipids and nucleic acid motifs. Expressed by dendritic cells, conserved in Mammals, worms and plants
Recognise highly conserved microbial components

32
Q

What are PAMPS?

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns

33
Q

What are DAMPS

A

Damage associated molecular patterns

34
Q

What are the three complement pathways?

A
  1. Classical pathway
  2. MB-lectin pathway
  3. Alternative pathway
35
Q

What is the classical pathway?

A

Antigen: antibody complexes
C1= C1q, C1r, C1s > C4= C4b and C4a > C2= C2a and C2b» C2a + C4b binds to C3= C3 convertase C3a and C3b > C5 convertase= C4b2a3b

36
Q

What are the differences in MHC I and MHC II?

A
  1. Variable binding Cleft is polymorphic

2. Related conserved regions- not involved in binding have minor differences

AD1 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions