Pathology

Question 1

Primary causes of Nephrotic syndrome

Answer 1

Minimal change
Focal segmented Glomerular sclerosis
membranous
Membranoproliferative

Question 2

inflammation of the glans penis. Associated with poor hygiene - rare in circumcised individuals.

Answer 2

Balanitis

Question 3

primary stage chancre heals within to weeks caused by treponemma pallidum

Answer 3

syphilis

Question 4

morphology of N. gonorrhea

Answer 4

intracellular gram negative diplococci

Question 5

the N. gono cause

Answer 5

acute purulent urethritis associated with prostatitis and epididymitis

Question 6

Ch. trachomatis cause

Answer 6

non- gonococcal urethritis

Question 7

Related to the accumulation of squamous cell & inflammatory debris

Answer 7

Carcinoma in situ

Question 8

Infection with high-risk HPV

Answer 8

Carcinoma in situ
squamous cell carcinoma

Question 9

Developmental failure of a testis to descend into the scrotum.

Answer 9

cryptorchidism

Question 10

continuity of the tunica vaginalis with the peritoneal cavity

Answer 10

Hydrocele

Question 11

Hydroceles can be distinguishedvclinically from solid testicular tumorsv by

Answer 11

physical examination and
transillumination.

Question 12

blood accumulation of blood distending the
tunica vaginalis. Most often caused by trauma, or
occasionally due to a tumor.

Answer 12

Hematocele

Question 13

varicose dilation of multiple veins of the
spermatic cord

Answer 13

Varicocele

Question 14

sperm-containing cyst. Most often intratesticular.

Answer 14

Spermatocele

Question 15

testicular atrophy

Answer 15

often unknown etiology
orchitis
trauma
disorder of hypothalamus or pitutary
hormonal therapy as estrogen
liver cirrhosis
cryptorchidism
klinefelter syndrome
chronic deblititating disease
old age

Question 16

cause of bacterial orchitis

Answer 16

syphilis associated with epididymitis

Question 17

cause of viral orchitis

Answer 17

mumps

Question 18

causes of epididymitis

Answer 18

N. Gono
C. trachomatis
E.coli
M. tuberculosis

Question 19

the most common testicular germ cell tumor

Answer 19

seminoma

Question 20

Analogous to ovarian dysgerminoma

Answer 20

Seminoma

Question 21

associated with increased serum hCG

Answer 21

Seminoma
Embryonal carcinoma
choriocarcinoma

Question 22

give metastases to abdominal lymph nodes

Answer 22

Seminoma

Question 23

Comprised of three distinct cell types, lacks ITGCN with no significant lymphocytic response

Answer 23

spermatocytic seminoma

Question 24

large cells withcentrally located nuclei and
prominent nucleoli. Fibrous septa separate nests of tumor cells

Answer 24

Seminoma

Question 25

compare between spermatocytic and conventional seminoma

Answer 25

spermatocytic: no ITGCN no lymphocytic response conventional: have ITGCN and lymphocytic inflitrate

Question 26

Analogous to similar ovarian tumor

Answer 26

Embryonal carcinoma

Question 27

Increase in serum AFP (alpha fetoprotein)

Answer 27

Endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor

Question 28

most common testicular tumor in infacy and early childhood

Answer 28

Endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor

Question 29

morphologicaly has Schiller-Duval body

Answer 29

Endodermal sinus (yolk sac) tumor

Question 30

Germ cell tumor is derived from two or more embryonic layers

Answer 30

teratoma

Question 31

involve Multiple tissue types: such as cartilage islands, ciliated epithelium, liver cells, neuroglia, embryonic gut, or striated muscle.

Answer 31

Teratoma

Question 32

the three types of teratoma

Answer 32

mature: always malignant immature: behavior is malignant teratoma with malignant transformation: contains malignant tissue, such as squamous cell carcinoma

Question 33

highly chemosensitive

Answer 33

Choriocarcinoma

Question 34

Characterized by intracytoplasmic Reinke crystals

Answer 34

Leydig cell tumor

Question 35

Androgen-producing

Answer 35

Leydig cell tumor

Question 36

Testicular Sex Cord Stromal tumors

Answer 36

Leydig cell tumor sertoli cell tumor Granulosa cell tumor

Question 37

Associated with precocious puberty in children and gynecomastia in adults

Answer 37

Leydig cell tumor

Question 38

related to the action of dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

Answer 38

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Question 39

promote expression of receptors for DHT

Answer 39

estrogen

Question 40

DHT is synthesized from

Answer 40

testosterone

Question 41

DHT is synthesized from testosterone by the action of

Answer 41

5α-reductase, type 2

Question 42

Inhibition of which enzyme is one approach to the treatment of BPH

Answer 42

5 alpha reductase

Question 43

Early stage of adenocarcinoma

Answer 43

increased PSA

Question 44

late stage of adenocarcinoma

Answer 44

increased serum prostatic acid phosphatase

Question 45

Bony osteoblastic metastasis from adenocarcinoma

Answer 45

increased serum alkaline phosphatase

Question 46

effacement of glomerular foot processes without antibody deposits.

Answer 46

minimal change disease

Question 47

Most frequent cause of nephrotic syndrome in children

Answer 47

minimal change disease (nephrotic)

Question 48

Glomeruli show focal and segmental obliteration of capillary lumina

Answer 48

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Question 49

nonspecific trapping of IgM and C3

Answer 49

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

Question 50

Most often directed against the PLA2R on podocytes

Answer 50

Membranous nephropathy

Question 51

LM: diffuse capillary wall thickening. IF: Granular subepithelial deposits of antibodies IgG and C3

Answer 51

Membranous nephropathy

Question 52

Type 1 is an immune complex–mediated disease with immune deposits in the subendothelial location.

Answer 52

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

Question 53

GBM “spike” formation

Answer 53

membranous nephropathy

Question 54

Deposition of immune complexes, mainly in the subepithelial spaces, with abundant neutrophils and proliferation of glomerular cells.

Answer 54

Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis

Question 55

Primarily subepithelial humps.

Answer 55

Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis

Question 56

Granular deposits (IgG, IgM and C3 along GBM and mesagium)

Answer 56

Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis

Question 57

Most common form of glomerulonephritis worldwide

Answer 57

IgA nephropathy

Question 58

Mesangial deposits of IgA containing immune complexes

Answer 58

IgA nephropathy

Question 59

showing subtle mesangial hypercellularity

Answer 59

IgA nephropathy

Question 60

mesangial electrondense deposits.

Answer 60

IgA nephropathy

Question 61

caused by mutations in genes encoding GBM/type IV collagen

Answer 61

Hereditary nephritis (Alport syndrome)

Question 62

Hereditary nephritis (Alport syndrome)

Answer 62

mutations in genes encoding GBM/type IV collagen | It manifests as hematuria and slowly progressing proteinuria

Question 63

benign nonprogressive disorder caused by mutation encoding GBM

Answer 63

thin basement membrane disease

Question 64

Severe glomerular injury with necrosis, GBM breaks, and proliferation of parietal epithelium (crescents)

Answer 64

Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis