Pathology

Question 1

Etiology of Heart Failure

Answer 1

1) Intrinsic pump failure
( weakening of ventricular muscles, ischaemic heart disease, cardiac myopathies, myocarditis, metabolic disorders- beri beri)

2) Increased workload on the heart
(Increased pressure load or volume load)

3) Impaired filling of heart chambers

Question 2

Types of inflammation.

Answer 2

1) Acute
Shorter duration, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, mononuclear cells involved

2) Chronic
Longer duration, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, fibroblasts

Question 3

Signs of inflammation and etiology?

Answer 3

Rubor: redness
Tumor: swelling
Calor: heat
Dolor: pain
Function Laesa: loss of function

Etiology:
Physical, chemical, infective and immunological

Question 4

Classification of Hyperlipoproteinemia.

Answer 4

Type 1
- Deficiency of lipoprotein lipase enzyme
- Inc in chylomicrons

Type 2
*Type 2a
- familial hypercholestrolemia
- deficiency of LDL receptors
- Inc LDL and cholesterol levels
*Type 2b
- apoB protein defect
- Inc in LDL and VLDL

Type 3
- familial dyslipoproteinenmia
- defect in apoE lipoprotein

Type 4
- mild hypertriglyceridemia
- slight Inc in the level of triglycerides

Type 5
- severe hypertriglyceridemia/ type 1 Hyperlipoproteinemia
- both levels of VLDL and triglycerides Inc

Question 5

Glycogen storage diseases.

Answer 5

Gsd 1- von gierke- deficiency in g6pase
Gsd 3- cori’s - deficiency in glycogen debrancher enzyme
Gsd 4- Anderson’s - deficiency in glycogen branching
Gsd 6 - Hers - deficiency of liver phosphorylase enzyme
Gsd 9- phosphate kinase deficiency
Gsd 0- glycogen synthase deficiency

Question 6

Hypertension classification.

Answer 6

• 1°
• 2°
• isolated systolic hypt
• malignant hyp
• resistant hyp
• during pregnancy

Question 7

Classification of Angina Pectoris.

Answer 7

1) Stable or typical angina
- narrowing of coronary artery
- after climbing or during exercise
- Condition improves with rest

2) unstable angina
- severe narrowing
- even at rest
- induced by acute plaque change
- leads to necrosis

3) Variant angina/ prinzmetal’s angina
- due to spasm of coronary arteries
- during resting or active state

Nocturnal angina
- at night or during sleep

Question 8

Define and Classify Stroke.

Answer 8

Stroke:

Classification:

1) ischaemic stroke ( clot )
- thrombotic ( develops in brain)
- embotic ( travels)

2) haemorrhagic stroke ( bleeding )
- subarachnoid haemorrhage
- intracerebral
- subdural haematomas

Question 9

Necrosis types

Answer 9

• coagulative ( cessation of blood)
• liquefactive ( bact or fung, semi fluid mat form)
• caseous ( combines features of both coag and liq)
• fat ( fat rich organs)
• fibrinoid ( depositn of fibrin like mat)