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MD2001 > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Name the structural parts of a bacteria.

A
  1. Capsule
  2. Pilli/fimbriae
  3. Flagellae.
  4. Spores
  5. Slime
  6. Cell wall.
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2
Q

What does the capsule do?

A

Protects the cell from phagocytosis and dessication.

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3
Q

What do Pilli/fimbriae do?

A
  1. Contain lectin which recognise and bind to oligosaccharide units on host cell.
  2. Involved in appendage which is useful in bacterial conjugation.
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4
Q

Describe flagellum.

A

20nm thick helical tube.

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5
Q

Which bacteria has a lot of pilli?

A

E. coli.

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6
Q

Name 4 common bacteria with flagella.

A
  1. Vibrio cholera.
  2. Helicobacter pylori.
  3. Campylobacter jejuni.
  4. E. coli.
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7
Q

What is a spore?

A
  1. Unit of asexual reproduction.

2. Allows survival under unfavourable conditions.

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8
Q

Name 5 common disease caused by spore bacteria.

A
  1. Botulism.
  2. Gas gangrene.
  3. Tetanus.
  4. Food poisoning.
  5. Anthrax.
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9
Q

What is slime used to protect against?

A
  1. Immune attack.

2. Antibiotics.

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10
Q

What bacteria will secrete slime?

A

Bacteria growing in biofilm.

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11
Q

What are the two sugar residues which alter in peptidoglycan?

A
  1. N-acetylglucosamine.

2. N-acetylmuramic acid.

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12
Q

Explain the importance of LTA.

A
  1. Provides cell rigidity.

2. Recognised by host immune cells.

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13
Q

Explain the importance of LPS.

A
  1. Essential for outer membrane function.
  2. Causes immune and inflammatory responses.
  3. Produces endotoxins.
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14
Q

What is the recipient cell in bacterial recombination referred to as?

A

F+ cell.

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15
Q

Three types of bacterial shapes.

A
  1. Cocci
  2. Bacilli.
  3. Helical.
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16
Q

What essentially is a virus?

A

A nucleic acid enclosed in a protein shell.

17
Q

Name three key structures in a virus.

A
  1. Capsid.
  2. Envelope (sometimes)
  3. Spikes (sometimes)
18
Q

Example of a virus with an envelope.

A

Herpes virus.

19
Q

What are spikes?

A

Glycoprotein projections from the envelope which are highly antigenic.

20
Q

Example of a virus with spikes.

A

Adenovirus.

21
Q

Name the six stages in viral replication.

A
  1. Adsorption.
  2. Penetration.
  3. Replication.
  4. Assembly
  5. Maturation.
  6. Release
22
Q

Explain how naked viruses (no envelope) are released.

A
  1. Occurs at site of nucleic acid replication.
  2. Viral enzymes break down host cell wall.
  3. RNA viruses are released as they are produced.
  4. DNA viruses are releases when host cell autolysis.
  5. DNA viruses are expelled as inclusion bodies.
23
Q

Explain how enveloped viruses are released.

A
  1. Virus migrates to plasma membrane.
  2. Capsid forms from budding of plasma membrane.
  3. Slow release of viral particles.
  4. No inclusion bodies.
24
Q

Give an example of replication of an enveloped virus.

A

HIV budding.

25
Q

What are the 4 groups of protozoa?

A
  1. Sporozoa.
  2. Flagellates.
  3. Amoeba.
  4. Ciliates
26
Q

4 common infections of protozoa.

A
  1. Malaria.
  2. Giardiasis.
  3. Toxoplasmosis.
  4. Cryptosporidiosis.
27
Q

Is yeast single celled?

A

Yes.

28
Q

4 common fungal infections.

A
  1. Candidiasis
  2. Cryptococcosis.
  3. Aspergillosis.
  4. Ringworm
29
Q

What are helminths?

A

Parasitic worms.

30
Q

Three groups of helminths.

A
  1. Cestoda.
  2. Trematoda.
  3. Nematoda.
31
Q

What are cestoda, trematoda and nematoda?

A
  1. Cestoda = tapeworms.
  2. Trematoda = flukes.
  3. Nematoda = round worms.
32
Q

Give three examples of helminth diseases.

A
  1. Tape worm infections.
  2. Schistosomiasis.
  3. Trichiuriasis.
33
Q

Four criteria for Koch’s postulates.

A
  1. Bacteria must be present in every case.
  2. Bacteria must be isolated and be able to grow in pure culture.
  3. Bacteria must be able to reproduce when injected into host.
  4. Bacteria must be recoverable from the experimentally infected host.
34
Q

What does the innate immune response consist of?

A
  1. Normal microbiota
  2. Physical barriers.
  3. Chemical barriers.
  4. Phagocytic cells.
35
Q

Explain the importance of normal microbiota.

A
  1. Compete with pathogens for colonisation sites.
  2. Produce antibiotic substances to inhibit growth.
  3. Produce toxic metabolic substances.
  4. May alter pH.
36
Q

Name 4 physical barriers?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Mucomuciliary clearance.
  3. Flushing (passing of urine).
  4. Peristalsis.
37
Q

Name 4 chemical barriers?

A
  1. Mucus.
  2. Gastric acid.
  3. Antimicrobial proteins
  4. Plasma proteins.

MD2001 (10 decks)

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