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[MT] Lesson 2: Pharmacology, the Integumentary System, and the Musculoskeletal System > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Dermatology

A

Branch of medicine involving diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of the integumentary system. Physician is a ‘dermatologist.’

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2
Q

Plastic Surgery

A

Surgical specialty involved in repair, reconstruction, or improvement of body structures such as the skin that are damaged, missing, or misshapen, Physician is a ‘plastic surgeon.’

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3
Q

Abrasion

A

A scraping away of the skin surface by friction

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4
Q

Anhidrosis

A

Abnormal condition of no sweat

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5
Q

Comedo

A

Collection of hardened sebum in hair follicle. Also called a ‘blackhead.’

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6
Q

Contusion

A

Injury caused by a blow to the body; causes swelling, pain, and bruising. The skin is not broken

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7
Q

Cyanosis

A

Bluish tint to the skin caused by deoxygenated blood

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8
Q

Cyst

A

Fluid-filled sac under the skin

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9
Q

Depigmentation

A

Loss of normal skin color or pigment

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10
Q

Diaphoresis

A

Profuse sweating

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11
Q

Ecchymosis

A

Skin discoloration caused by blood collecting under the skin following blunt trauma to the skin. A bruise

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12
Q

Erythema

A

Redness or flushing of the skin

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13
Q

Erythroderma

A

The condition of having reddened or flushed skin

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14
Q

Eschar

A

A thick layer of dead tissue and tissue fluid that develops over a deep burn area

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15
Q

Fissure

A

Crack-like lesion or groove on the skin

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16
Q

Hirsutism

A

Excessive hair growth over the body

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17
Q

Hyperemia

A

Redness of the skin due to increased blood flow

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18
Q

Hyperhidrosis

A

Abnormal condition of excessive sweat

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19
Q

Hyperpigmentation

A

Abnormal amount of pigmentation in the skin

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20
Q

Ichthyoderma

A

The condition of having scaly and dry skin

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21
Q

Lesion

A

A general term for a wound, injury, or abnormality

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22
Q

Leukoderma

A

Having skin that appears white because the normal skin pigment is absent. May be all the skin or just in some areas

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23
Q

Lipoma

A

Fatty mass

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24
Q

Macule

A

Flat, discolored area that is flush with the skin surface. An example would be a freckle or a birthmark

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25
Q

Necrosis

A

Abnormal condition of death

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26
Q

Nevus

A

Pigmented skin blemish, birthmark, or mole. Usually benign but may become cancerous

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27
Q

Nodule

A

Firm, solid mass of cells in the skin larger than 0.5 cm in diameter

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28
Q

Onychomalacia

A

Softening of the nails

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29
Q

Pallor

A

Abnormal paleness of the skin

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30
Q

Papule

A

Small, solid, circular raised spot on the surface of the skin less than 0.5 cm in diameter

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31
Q

Petechiae

A

Pinpoint purple or red spots from minute hemorrhages under the skin

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32
Q

Photosensitivity

A

Condition in which the skin reacts abnormally when exposed to light, such as the ultraviolet (UV) rays of the sun

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33
Q

Pruritus

A

Severe itching

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34
Q

Purpura

A

Hemorrhages into the skin due to fragile blood vessels. Commonly seen in older adults

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35
Q

Purulent

A

Containing pus or an infection that is producing pus. Pus consists of dead bacteria, white blood cells, and tissue debris

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36
Q

Pustule

A

Raised spot on the skin containing pus

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37
Q

Pyoderma

A

The presence of pus on or in the layers of skin. A sign of a bacterial infection

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38
Q

Scleroderma

A

A condition in which the skin has lost its elasticity and becomes hardened

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39
Q

Seborrhea

A

Oily discharge

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40
Q

Suppurative

A

Containing or producing pus

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41
Q

Ulcer

A

Open sore or lesion in skin or mucous membrane

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42
Q

Urticaria

A

Also called ‘hives’; a skin eruption of pale reddish wheals with severe itching. Usually associated with food allergy, stress, or drug reactions

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43
Q

Vesicle

A

A blister; small, fluid-filled raised spot on the skin

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44
Q

Wheal

A

Small, round, swollen area on the skin; typically seen in allergic skin reactions such as hives and usually accompanied by urticaria

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45
Q

Xeroderma

A

Condition in which the skin is abnormally dry

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46
Q

Abscess

A

A collection of pus in the skin

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47
Q

Acne

A

Inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles resulting in papules and pustules

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48
Q

Acne Rosacea

A

Chronic form of acne seen in adults involving redness, tiny pimples, and broken blood vessels, primarily on the nose and cheeks

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49
Q

Acne Vulgaris

A

Common form of acne seen in teenagers. Characterized by comedo, papules, and pustules

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50
Q

Albinism

A

A genetic condition in which the body is unable to make melanin. Characterized by white hair and skin and red pupils due to the lack of pigment. The person with albinism is called an ‘albino.’

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51
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma

A

Cancerous tumor of the basal cell layer of the epidermis. A frequent type of skin cancer that rarely metastasizes or spreads. These cancers can arise on sun-exposed skin

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52
Q

Burn

A

Damage to the skin that can result from exposure to open fire, electricity, ultraviolet light from the sun, or caustic chemicals. Seriousness depends on the amount of body surface involved and the depth of the burn as determined by the amount of damage to each layer. Skin and burns are categorized as first degree(skin reddened), second degree(blisters), or third degree(charring)

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53
Q

Rule of Nines

A

A method for determining percentage of body burned. Each different-colored section represents a percentage of the body surface. All sections added together will equal 100%

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54
Q

Cellulitis

A

A diffuse, acute infections and inflammation of the connective tissue found in the skin

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55
Q

Cicatrix

A

A scar

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56
Q

Decubitus Ulcer

A

Open sore caused by pressure over bony prominences cutting off the blood flow to the overlying skin. These can appear in bedridden patients who lie in one position too long and can be difficult to heal. Also called ‘bedsore’ or ‘pressure sore.’

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57
Q

Dermatitis

A

Inflammation of the skin

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58
Q

Dermatosis

A

A general term indicating the presence of an abnormal skin condition

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59
Q

Dry Gangrene

A

Late stages of gangrene characterized by the affected area becoming dried, blackened, and shriveled; referred to as ‘mummified.’

60
Q

Eczema

A

Superficial dermatitis of unknown cause accompanied by redness, vesicles, itching, and crusting

61
Q

Gangrene

A

Tissue necrosis usually due to deficient blood supply

62
Q

Ichthyosis

A

Condition in which the skin becomes dry, scaly, and keratinized

63
Q

Impetigo

A

A highly infectious bacterial infection of the skin with pustules that rupture and become crusted over

64
Q

Kaposi’s Sarcoma

A

Form of skin cancer frequently seen in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. Consists of brownish-purple papules that spread from the skin and metastasize to internal organs

65
Q

Keloid

A

Formation of a raised and thickened hypertrophic scar after an injury or surgery

66
Q

Keratosis

A

Term for any skin condition involving an over-growth and thickening of the epidermis layer

67
Q

Laceration

A

A torn or jagged wound; incorrectly used to describe a cut

68
Q

Malignant Melanoma

A

Dangerous form of skin cancer caused by an uncontrolled growth of melanocytes. May quickly metastasize or spread to internal organs

69
Q

Pediculosis

A

Infestation with lice. The eggs laid by the lice are called nits and cling tightly to hair

70
Q

Psoriasis

A

Chronic inflammatory condition consisting of papules forming “silvery scale” patches with circular borders

71
Q

Rubella

A

Contagious viral skin infection. Commonly called ‘German measles.’

72
Q

Scabies

A

Contagious skin disease caused by an egg-laying mite that burrows through the skin and causes redness and intense itching; often seen in children

73
Q

Sebaceous Cyst

A

Sac under the skin filled with sebum or oil from a sebaceous gland. This can grow to a large size and may need to be excised

74
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A

Cancer of the epidermis layer of skin that may invade deeper tissue and metastasize. Often begins as a sore that does not heal

75
Q

Strawberry Hemangioma

A

Congenital collection of dilated blood vessels causing a red birthmark that fades a few months after birth

76
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A

Chronic disease of the connective tissue that injures the skin, joints, kidneys, nervous system, and mucous membranes. This is an autoimmune condition, meaning that the body’s own immune system attacks normal tissue of the body. May produce a characteristic red, scaly butterfly rash across the cheeks and nose

77
Q

Tinea

A

Fungal skin disease resulting in itching, scaling lesions

78
Q

Tinea Capitis

A

Fungal infection of the scalp. Commonly called ‘ringworm.’

79
Q

Tinea Pedis

A

Fungal infection of the foot. Commonly called ‘athlete’s foot.’

80
Q

Varicella

A

Contagious viral skin infection. Commonly called ‘chickenpox.’

81
Q

Verruca

A

Commonly called ‘warts’; a benign growth caused by a virus. Has a rough surface that is removed by chemicals and/or laser therapy

82
Q

Vitiligo

A

Disappearance of pigment from the skin in patches, causing a milk-white appearance. Also called ‘leukoderma.’

83
Q

Wet Gangrene

A

An area of gangrene that becomes secondarily infected by pus-producing bacteria

84
Q

Alopecia

A

Absence or loss of hair, especially of the head. Commonly called ‘baldness.’

85
Q

Carbuncle

A

Furuncle involving several hair follicles

86
Q

Furuncle

A

Bacterial infection of a hair follicle. Characterized by redness, pain, and swelling. Also called a ‘boil.’

87
Q

Trichomycosis

A

Abnormal condition of hair fungus

88
Q

Onychia

A

Infected nail bed

89
Q

Onychomycosis

A

Abnormal condition of nail fungus

90
Q

Onychophagia

A

Nail eating (nail biting)

91
Q

Paronychia

A

Infection of the skin fold around a nail

92
Q

Chiropractic

A

Healthcare profession concerned with diagnosis and treatment of mal-alignment conditions of the spine and musculoskeletal system with the intention of affecting the nervous system and improving health. Healthcare professional is a ‘chiropractor.’

93
Q

Orthopedics

A

Branch of medicine specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions of the musculoskeletal system; also called ‘orthopedic surgery.’ Physician is an ‘orthopedist’ or ‘orthopedic surgeon.’ Name derived from straightening deformities in children

94
Q

Orthotics

A

Healthcare profession specializing in making orthopedic appliances such as braces and splints. Person skilled in making and adjusting these appliances is an ‘orthotist.’

95
Q

Podiatry

A

Healthcare profession specializing in diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the foot and lower legs. Healthcare professional is a ‘podiatrist.’

96
Q

Prosthetics

A

Healthcare profession specializing in making artificial body parts. Person skilled in making and adjusting prostheses is a ‘prosthetist.’

97
Q

Arthralgia

A

Joint pain

98
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of a bursa

99
Q

Callus

A

The mass of bone tissue that forms at a fracture site during its healing

100
Q

Chondromalacia

A

Softening of the cartilage

101
Q

Crepitation

A

The noise produced by bones or cartilage rubbing together in conditions such as arthritis. Also called ‘crepitus.’

102
Q

Ostealgia

A

Bone pain

103
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Inflammation of bone and bone marrow

104
Q

Synovitis

A

Inflammation of synovial membrane

105
Q

Closed Fracture

A

Fracture in which there is no open skin wound. Also called a ‘simple fracture.’

106
Q

Colles’ Fracture

A

Fracture of the distal forearm in which the broken end of the radius is bent backwards

107
Q

Comminuted Fracture

A

Fracture in which the bone is shattered, splintered, or crushed into many small pieces or fragments

108
Q

Compound Fracture

A

Fracture in which the skin has been broken through to the fracture. Also called an ‘open fracture.’

109
Q

Compression Fracture

A

Fracture involving loss of height of a vertebral body. It may be the result of trauma, but in older people, especially women, it may be caused by conditions like osteoporosis

110
Q

Fracture

A

A broken bone

111
Q

Greenstick Fracture

A

Fracture in which there is an incomplete break; one side of bone is broken and the other side is bent. This type of fracture is commonly found in children due to their softer and more pliable bone structure

112
Q

Impacted Fracture

A

Fracture in which bone fragments are pushed into each other

113
Q

Oblique Fracture

A

Fracture at an angle to the bone

114
Q

Pathologic Fracture

A

Fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone

115
Q

Spiral Fracture

A

Fracture in which the fracture line spirals around the shaft of the bone. Can be caused by a twisting injury and is often slower to heal than other types of fractures

116
Q

Stress Fracture

A

A slight fracture caused by repetitive low-impact forces, like running, rather than a single forceful impact

117
Q

Transverse Fracture

A

Complete fracture that is straight across the bone at right angles to the long axis of the bone

118
Q

Chondroma

A

A tumor, usually benign, that forms in cartilage

119
Q

Ewing’s Sarcoma

A

Malignant growth found in the shaft of long bones that spreads through the periosteum. Removal is the treatment of choice because this tumor will metastasize or spread to other organs

120
Q

Exostosis

A

A bone spur

121
Q

Myeloma

A

A tumor that forms in bone marrow tissue

122
Q

Osteochondroma

A

A tumor, usually benign, that consists of both bone and cartilage tissue

123
Q

Osteogenic Sarcoma

A

The most common type of bone cancer. Usually begins in osteocytes found at the ends of long bones

124
Q

Osteomalacia

A

Softening of the bones caused by a deficiency of calcium. It is thought to be caused by insufficient sunlight and vitamin D in children

125
Q

Osteopathy

A

A general term for bone disease

126
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Decrease in bone mass producing a thinning and weakening of the bone with resulting fractures. The bone becomes more porous, especially in the spine and pelvis

127
Q

Paget’s Disease

A

A fairly common metabolic disease of the bone from unknown causes. It usually attacks middle-aged and older adults and is characterized by bone destruction and deformity. Named for Sir James Paget, a British surgeon

128
Q

Rickets

A

Deficiency in calcium and vitamin D found in early childhood that results in bone deformities, especially bowed legs

129
Q

Ankylosing Spondylitis

A

Inflammatory spinal condition resembling rheumatoid arthritis and results in gradual stiffening and fusion of the vertebrae. More common in men than women

130
Q

Herniated Nucleus Pulposus (HNP)

A

Herniation or protrusion of an intervertebral disk; also called ‘herniated disk’ or ‘ruptured disk’; may require surgery

131
Q

Kyphosis

A

Abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine. Also known as ‘hunchback’ or ‘humpback.’

132
Q

Lordosis

A

Abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine. Also known as ‘swayback.’

133
Q

Scoliosis

A

Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

134
Q

Spina Bifida

A

Congenital anomaly occurring when a vertebra fails to fully form around the spinal cord

135
Q

Spinal Stenosis

A

Narrowing of the spinal canal causing pressure on the cord and nerves

136
Q

Spondylolisthesis

A

The forward sliding of a lumbar vertebra over the vertebra below it

137
Q

Spondylosis

A

Specifically refers to ankylosing of the spine, but commonly used in reference to any degenerative condition of the vertebral column

138
Q

Whiplash

A

Cervical muscle and ligament sprain or strain as a result of a sudden movement forward and backward of the head and neck. Can occur as a result of a rear-end auto collision

139
Q

Bunion

A

Inflammation of the bursa of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (base of the big toe)

140
Q

Dislocation

A

Occurs when the bones in a joint are displaced from their normal alignment and the ends of the bones are no longer in contact

141
Q

Osteoarthritis (OA)

A

Arthritis resulting in degeneration of the bones and joints, especially those bearing weight. Results in bone rubbing against bone

142
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

A

Chronic form of arthritis with inflammation of the joints, swelling, stiffness, pain, and changes in the cartilage that can result in crippling deformities; considered to be an autoimmune disease

143
Q

Sprain

A

Damage to the ligaments surrounding a joint due to overstretching, but no dislocation of the joint or fracture of the bone

144
Q

Subluxation

A

An incomplete dislocation, the joint alignment is disrupted, but the ends of the bones remain in contact

145
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A

Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of connective tissue affecting many systems that may include joint pain and arthritis. May be mistaken for rheumatoid arthritis

146
Q

Talipes

A

Congenital deformity causing misalignment of the ankle joint and foot. Also referred to as a ‘clubfoot.’

[MT] Lesson 2: Pharmacology, the Integumentary System, and the Musculoskeletal System (12 decks)

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