- Reduced urate excretion - Excess urate production

Pathology Flashcards by Jenna Steel

Arthritis tends to effect which joints?

Synovial joints

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Type II collagen provides what?

Provides strength

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What is the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis

degenerative joint disease
ageing
biomechanics strength

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Where is usually effected by osteoarthritis

hips
knees
lower lumbar
fingers

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Where is usually spared with osteoarthritis?

wrists
elbows
shoulders

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What is loss of joint space referring to?

cartilage loss

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What is subchondral sclerosis referring to?

eburnation

- thickening of bone, loss of cartilage

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What is subchondral cysts referring to?

Synovial fluid accumulation

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What is osteophytes referring to?

Disorganised bone remodelling

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What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A chronic inflammatory disorder
autoimmune
Systemic

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What is the presentation of rheumatoid arthritis?

joint swelling

- decreased range of movement

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Explain pannus formation

Seen in rheumatoid arthritis

- inflammatory granulation tissue

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What are skin manifestations of arthritis?

small vessel vasculitis
pyoderma gangrenosum
psoriasis

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What are pulmonary manifestations of arthritis?

plueririts and effusiosn
rheumatic nodules
ILD
Fibrosis

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Gout is due to what?

Reduced urate excretion

- Excess urate production

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What would gout appear like down the microscope?

Needle-shaped monosodium urate crystals

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What are the causes of pseudo-gout?

calcium pyrophosphate

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What would pseudo-gout appear like down the microscope?

rhomboid shaped crystals

- bigger and thicker than needle shaped urate crystals

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What is the commonest benign bone tumour?

Osteochondroma

- Produces a bony outgrowth on the external surface with a cartilaginous cap

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What is enchondroma and what is the treatment?

Benign intramedullary cartilaginous tumour

- curettage and bone graft

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What would an aneurysmal bone cyst appear like down microscope?

chambers filled with blood or serum

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X-ray findings of “soap bubble” may be suggestive of?

Giant cell tumour
benign
can cause pathological fracture

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Benign bone tumour, which pain is worse at night and relieved by NSAIDs?

Osteoid osteoma

Where does fibrosarcoma occur?

abnormal bone

- fibrous malignant primary bone tumour

What is the result of avascular necrosis?

- localised necrosis because of ischaemia from a reduction in blood supply

What is osteoporosis?

- decreased bone mass | - 2.5 below mean peak bone mass

Osteopenia?

- less severe than osteoporosis | - 1-2.5 below mean peak

What are the complications of osteoporosis?

- significant risk of fracture

What are some secondary causes of osteoporosis?

- endocrine (Cushing's, hyperparathyroidism) - gastro (hepatic insufficiency) - drugs

What is osteomalacia?

- vitamin d deficiency | - hypocalcaemia

What is the role of vitamin D

- stimulates absorption of calcium | - causes osteoblasts to release osteocalcin

What is avascular necrosis?

- necrosis of bone and marrow | - the result of ineffective vascular supply

What is the most common cause of avascular necrosis

- alcohol

Explain Pagets disease

- abnormality of bone turnover | - may be asymptomatic

What is the genetic element associated with Pagets disease

SQSTM1

What are the symptoms of pagets disease?

- thick excess bone - soft bone - abnormal shaped bones

What is a complication of Pagets disease?

- secondary malignancy

What is nodular fasciitis?

- cellular proliferation of fibroblastic and myofibroblast cells

Myositis ossificans may present with a preceding history of___

- trauma

Where are ganglion cysts often found?

-as a lump near joint capsule or tendon sheath

Deep fibromatosis do not metastasis. True or false?

- True

Deep fibromatosis is associated with what mutations?

- APC | - beta-catenin gene

Synovial sarcoma is what karyotypic abnormality?

x;18

Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma is what karyotypic abnormality?

2;13

Ewing's sarcoma is what karyotypic abnormality?

11;22

Lipomas are __benign/malignant__

benign

The malignant type of lipomas are called?

- liposarcoma

What are the 3 different gradings of sarcoma?

- degree of differentiation - degree of proliferation (mitotic count) - presence of coagulative necrosis

What is the name given to a benign tumour of smooth muscle?

- leiomyomas

What is the name given to malignant tumours of smooth muscles?

- leiomyosarcoma

What is the name given to benign tumours of skeletal muscles?

- rhabdomyoma

What is the name given to malignant tumours from skeletal muscles?

- rhabdomyosarcoma

How do osteosarcomas spread?

- haematogenous spread

What are the first type of cancers to spread?

- lung - kidney - breast - prostate

Ewing's sarcoma usually effects which part of long bones?

- diaphysis