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MODULE 17 - Urinary, Endocrine and Oncological Disease > PATHOLOGY - Bovine Urinary and Hepatic Disease > Flashcards

PATHOLOGY - Bovine Urinary and Hepatic Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the potential clinical signs of urinary disease in cattle?

A

Weight loss/ill thrift
Abdominal pain
Diarrhoea
Abnormal urine
Enlarged kidney on rectal palpation
Enlarged bladder on rectal palpation
Dysuria
Stranguira
Pollakuria
Crystals on the preputial hair
Urine scalding

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2
Q

Which portion of the kidney can you palpate on rectal examination?

A

You can palpate the caudal region of the left kidney

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3
Q

Which diagnostic tests can be done to investigate urinary disease in ruminants?

A

Urine sample
Urinalysis
Urine culture and sensitivity
Biochemistry
Ultrasound

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4
Q

Which methods can you use to collect a urine sample in ruminants?

A

Free catch
Urinary catheterisation

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5
Q

What are the benefits of urinalysis as a diagnostic tests in ruminants?

A

Cheap (approximately £10-15)
Can be done on the farm

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6
Q

What are the normal urinalysis ranges in ruminants?

A

Urine specific gravity: can be variable (1.015 - 1.035)
Protein: Trace or +
pH: 7.8 (ruminants have more alkaline urine than most species)
Ketones: Trace (normal in freshly calved dairy cows)
Glucose: Negative
Leukocytes: Negative
Haematura: Negative
Haemaglobinuria: Negative

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7
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for ruminant kidney disease?

A

Pyelonephritis
Renal amyloidosis
Nephrosis
Embolic nephritis
Hydronephrosis
Renal neoplasia

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8
Q

What are the main causes of pyelonephritis in ruminants?

A

Ascending bacterial infection from the uterus
Haematogenous bacterial infection
Corynebacterium renale

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9
Q

What are the clinical signs of pyelonephritis in ruminants?

A

Ill thrift/weight loss
Pyrexia
Abdominal pain
Pyruria
Haematuria
Enlarged, painful kidneys on rectal palpation

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10
Q

How do you diagnose pyelonephritis in ruminants?

A

Clinical examination
Urinalysis
Ultrasound

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11
Q

What would you typically find on urinalysis in a ruminant with pyelonephritis?

A

Protein
Leukocytes
Haematuria

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12
Q

How do you treat pyelonephritis?

A

3 week course of broad spectum antibiotics

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13
Q

Which antibiotics could you use to treat pyelonephritis?

A

Trimethroprim-sulphonamides (TMPS)
Amoxicillin clavulanic acid

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14
Q

Which classification of antibiotics should you avoid when treating kidney disease?

A

Aminoglycosides as they are nephrotoxic

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15
Q

What is the pathophysiology of renal amyloidosis?

A

In response to persistent antigenic stimulation (i.e. due to chronic inflammation or chronic infection) antibodies will be produced against these antigens and form antigen-antibody complexes which can trigger excessive amyloid deposition in the kidneys resulting in renal amyloidosis, renal dysfunction and protein-losing nephropathy

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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of renal amyloidosis?

A

Lethargy
Diarrhoea
Frothy urine
Enlarged kidney on rectal palpation
Oedema

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17
Q

How do you diagnose renal amyloidosis?

A

Clinical examination
Urinalysis
Biochemistry

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18
Q

What would you typically find on urinalysis in a ruminant with renal amyloidosis?

A

Low urine specific gravity (USG)
Proteinuria

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19
Q

What would you typically find on biochemistry in a ruminant with renal amyloidosis?

A

Azotaemia
Hypoalbuminaemia
Hyperglobulinaemia

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20
Q

How do you treat renal amyloidosis?

A

There is no treatment for renal amyloidosis

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21
Q

What is embolic nephritis?

A

Embolic nephritis is when septic emboli block blood vessels in the kidney resulting in wedge shaped ischaemia

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22
Q

What are the differential diagnoses for ruminants presenting with dysuria?

A

Urolithaisis
Cystitis
Trauma
Congenital malformations

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23
Q

Which signalement typically presents with urolithiasis?

A

Castrated bulls
Castrated tups

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24
Q

Where do uroliths tend to cause urethral obstructions in bulls?

A

Uroliths tend to obstruct in the urethra at the sigmoid flexure in bulls

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25
Where do uroliths tend to cause urethral obstructions in tups?
Uroliths tend to obstruct the urethra at the urethral appendage | The urethral appendage can be cut off if obstructed
26
What are the risk factors for urolithiasis in ruminants?
High calcium diets High concentrate diets Restricted water intake Nidus
27
What are the clinical signs of urolithiasis in ruminants?
Crystals on the preputial hair Dysuria Stranguria Pollakuria Haematuria Abdominal pain Swelling of the ventrum Enlarged bladder on rectal palpation
28
What are the main risks of urolithiasis in ruminants?
Bladder rupture Urethral rupture
29
How do you treat urolithiasis?
Urolithiasis often requires surgical intervention
30
How do you prevent urolithiasis?
Decrease dietary concentrates Balance dietary calcium and phophorus Increase ammonium chloride in the diet Free access to water or provide salt licks to encourage water intake
31
What are the benefits of increasing dietary ammonium chloride to prevent urolithiasis in ruminants?
Ammonium chloride will help to decrease the pH of the urine to helo neutralise it as ruminants pH is typically alkaline, predisposing them to struvite uroliths
32
What causes cystitis in ruminants?
Ascending bacterial infection from the uterus Haematogenous bacterial infection Ascending bacterial infection due to naval ill in calves
33
How do you diagnose cystitis?
Clinical examination Urinalysis
34
How do you treat cystitis in ruminants?
7 day course of broad spectrum antibiotics
35
Which antibiotics could you use to treat cystitis?
Trimethroprim-sulphonamides (TMPS) Amoxicillin clavulanic acid
36
What are the differential diagnoses for haematuria in ruminants?
Pyelonephritis Cystitis Trauma Leptospirosis Bracken poisoning
37
What is the most common form of bracken toxicity?
Enzootic haematuria
38
What is the pathogenesis for enzootic haematura?
Prolonged exposure and ingestion of bracken results in bladder or gastrointestinal wall thickening, metaplasia and the formation of bladder or gastrointestinal carcinomas which bleed into the lumen causing haematuria and anaemia
39
What is the signalement for enzootic haematuria?
Enzootic haematuria is typically seen in older cattle as this disease requires prolonged exposures and ingestion of bracken before the disease develops
40
What are the three characteristic clinical signs of enzootic haematuria?
Intermittent haematuria Anaemia Ill thrift
41
What is the signalement for acute bracken toxicity?
Younger cattle that have taken a liking to and have ingested large quantities of bracken
42
Describe the pathogenesis of acute bracken toxicity
When animals ingest high quantities of bracken, the bracken has a radiomimetic affect on the bone marrow which causes thrombocytopenia, leukopenia and anaemia (pancytopenia) resulting in a range of clinical signs and secondary infections
43
What are the clinical signs of acute bracken toxicity?
Anaemia Pyrexia Inappetence Ecchymoses Petechiae Haematuria Haematochezia Fibrinous broncho-pnuemonia
44
What can you use to manage acute bracken toxicity?
Activated charcoal Blood transfusion | However often treatment is unsuccessful
45
What are the differential diagnoses for haemaglobinuria in ruminants?
Babesiosis Post parturient haemaglobinuria Brassicas poisoning Bacillary haemaglobinuria Copper poisoning
46
(T/F) Babesiosis can only affect adult cattle
TRUE. Calves have an innate immunity to babesiosis which wears off in adult cattle
47
What are clinical signs of babesiosis?
Lethargy Pyrexia Anaemia Haemaglobinuria Weight loss/ill thrift Pipe stem faeces
48
How do you diagnose babesiosis?
History Clinical examination Blood smear
49
How do you treat babesiosis?
Imidocarb Blood transfusion
50
What is the meat and milk withdrawal period for imidocarb?
213 days
51
What is post parturient haemaglobinuria? | This is a relatively rare condition
Post parturient haemaglobinuria is a condition typically seen in recently calved high yielding dairy cows, characterised by the development of intravascular haemolysis, associated with hypophosphataemia
52
What are the clinical signs of post parturient haemaglobinuria?
Haemaglobinuria Anaemia 'Downer cow'
53
How do you diagnose post parturient haemaglobinuria?
History Clinical examination Biochemistry
54
What would you typically find on urinalysis in a ruminant with post parturient haemaglobinuria?
Hypophosphataemia
55
How do you treat post parturient haemaglobinuria?
Phosphorus administration
56
List two examples of brassicas plants
Kale Rape
57
What is brassicas poisoning?
Brassicas poisoning is the development of intravascular haemolysis as a result of ruminants being fed **only** on brassicas for at least three weeks
58
What are the clinical signs of brassicas poisoning?
Haemaglobinuria Anaemia Sudden death
59
How do you treat brassicas poisoning?
Blood transfusion Supportive care
60
How do you prevent brassicas poisoning?
Do not feed just brassicas plants, combine them with other forage
61
What is bacillary haemaglobinuria? | Bacillary haemaglobinuria is rare in the UK
Bacillary haemaglobinuria is intravascular haemolysis caused by toxins produced by clostridium novyi type D. Clostridium novyi type D is found in soil where it is ingested and becomes a latent infection in the liver and can be reactivated by hepatopathies
62
What are the clinical signs of bacillary haemaglobinuria?
Haemaglobinuria Anaemia Jaundice Oedema Diarrhoea Sudden death
63
How do you treat bacillary haemaglobinuria?
Penicillin. However often these animals are found dead
64
How do you prevent bacillary haemaglobinuria?
Vaccination
65
What is one of the most common causes of haemaglobinuria?
Copper toxicity
66
Which species is more prone to copper toxicity?
Sheep
67
What are the clinical signs of acute copper toxicity?
Sudden death
68
What are the clinical signs of chronic copper toxicity?
Haemaglobinuria Anaemia Jaundice
69
What are the potential clinical signs of hepatopathies in ruminants?
Weight loss Lethargy Anorexia Diarrhoea Decreased milk yield Oedema Ascites Photosensitisation Epistaxis Hepatic encephalopathy Jaundice *(very rare in ruminants)*
70
What is type I photosensitisation?
Type I photosensitisation is caused by the ingestion of photodynamic toxic plants
71
What is type II photosensitisation?
Type II photosensitisation is caused by congenital conditions which impair metabolism of photodynamic agents
72
Give an example of a congenital disease which causes type II photosensitisation
Bovine congenital erythropoietic protoporphyria
73
What is type III photosensitivity?
Type III photosensitivity is where liver dysfunction impairs the metabolism of photodynamic agents
74
What is type IV photosensitisation?
Type IV photosensitisation is idiopathic photosensitisation
75
How do you treat photosensitisation?
Move animal inside away from UV light and potential toxins Treat underlying hepatic disease if possible
76
Which diagnostic tests can be done to investigate hepatic disease in ruminants?
Biochemistry Liver palpation Ultrasound Liver biopsy
77
Which liver enzyme is a marker of hepatocellular damage in ruminants?
Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH)
78
Which liver enzyme is a marker of cholestasis in ruminants?
Gamma glutamyl dehydrogenase (GGT)
79
What are the boundaries for a liver ultrasound in ruminants?
When ultrasounding the liver in ruminants, place the ultasound probe between the 9th and 11th intercostal spaces on the right side
80
What are the differential diagnoses for hepatic disease in ruminants?
Liver abscess Toxicity Infection Shock Liver fluke Hepatic lipidosis Cobalt deficiency Portosystemic shunt
81
What are the main causes of liver abscesses in ruminants?
Bacteraemia due to naval ill Metabolic acidosis
82
How can metabolic acidosis cause liver abscesses in ruminants?
Metabolic acidosis will cause ruminal dysbiosis and ruminitis which will allow for the translocation of bacteria into the hepatic portal circulation and travel to the liver where is can cause liver abscesses. These liver abscesses often form near the caudal vena cava and septic emboli can be released into the circulation, travel to the lungs and cause a suppurative bronchopneumonia, and get lodged in the pulmonary vessels causing vessel rupture and epistaxis
83
What are the clinical signs of an acute liver abscess?
Pyrexia Lethargy Decreased milk yield Abdominal pain
84
What are the clinical signs of a chronic liver abscess?
Anorexia Weight loss Diarrhoea
85
How do you diagnose a liver abscess?
Clinical examination Ultrasound
86
How do you treat liver abscesses?
There is no treatment for liver abscesses
87
How do you prevent liver abscesses?
Prevent metabolic acidosis Promptly treat infections

MODULE 17 - Urinary, Endocrine and Oncological Disease (31 decks)

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