Pathology of the Female Reproductive System - Part 1

Question 1

Disorders of sexual development (DSD)
* Embryos are ___________
* Presence/absence of ___ chromosome determines Sex
* If XY, the gonads become ______ → ________ and ____-______ hormone: the __________ (Mesonephric) duct persists and the ________ duct (paramesonephric) regresses
* If XX, the gonads become ______ → ________ duct persists and the ______ duct
regresses
* Hormones from the gonads will cause the ______ genitalia to develop either in the male direction (______, ______) or the female direction (_____, ______)

Answer 1

bipotential, Y, testes, Testosterone, Anti-Müllerian, Wolffian, Müllerian

ovaries, Müllerian, Wolffian, external, penis, scrotum, clitoris, vulva

Question 2

• Abnormalities of sex chromosome origin (Usually _________ to know what went wrong)
• True hermaphroditism (__________)
• Results in abnormal appearing ______ genitalia

Answer 2

impossible, ovotestes, external

Question 3

What can be seen in the image below?
______________ and _______ fusion of the vulvar lips. The external female genitalia were partially masculinized from exposure to ________ and _____ released from testicular tissue present in its ovotestes during embryonic development.

Answer 3

Clitoromegaly, partial, testosterone, AMH

Question 4

What can be seen in the image below?
Abnormal internal reproductive organs from a bitch, revealing a _______ uterus (_____________ duct derived). There are bilateral ___________ that are predominantly testicular and an attached _________
(derived from ________ tubules)

Answer 4

hypoplastic, paramesonephric, ovotestes, epididymis, mesonephric

True hermaphroditism (ovotestes)

Question 5

Even relatively small areas of testicular tissue in ovotestes produce sufficient amounts of 2 hormones: ___________ from the interstitial cells and ____-_________ hormone from Sertoli cells, which act during ____ gestation to masculinize the developing _______ and _______ ducts, tubules, and the ____ genitalia

Answer 5

testosterone, anti- Müllerian, early, mesonephric, paramesonephric, external

Question 6

Answer 6

Question 7

Freemartinism in bovine
* ______ and ____ twins
* A freemartin is genetically _____, but has many characteristics of a ____
* Female is ______, male is _____
* Anastomoses develop between the placental ________ systems of the 2 fetuses
* Male hormones _______/______ the female genital organs which will be __________.

Answer 7

Female, male, female, male, infertile, normal, vascular, masculinize, sterilize, hypoplastic

Question 8

What condition can be seen below?

Answer 8

Freemartinism

Question 9

Freemartinism results in….
* _______ of ovaries and uterus
* ________ may occur
* Failure of the ____________ ducts to
fuse to form a single ______ body
* Presence of ________ glands
* ______ and _____ does not communicate
* Prominent _____ and a long tuft of ___
attached _______ to the freemartin calf’s
vulva

Answer 9

Hypoplasia, Ovotestes, paramesonephric, uterine, vesicular, Uterus, vagina, clitoris, hair, ventrally

Question 10

Answer 10

Freemartinism

Question 11

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) is produced by which gland? What does initiate?

Answer 11

The anterior pituitary gland. It initiates the growth of the follicle

Question 12

Lutenizing hormone (LH) is produced by what gland? What does it stimulate?

Answer 12

The anterior pituitary gland
It stimulates follicle growth and rupture and formation of the corpus luteum

Question 13

Estrogen is produced by the _________ and prepares the uterus for ________. Causes _________ female sexual characteristics.

Answer 13

ovary, pregnancy, secondary

Question 14

Progesterone is produced by the ______ ________ and the _________. This hormone _________ a pregnancy.

Answer 14

corpus luteum, placenta, maintains

Question 15

Prostaglandins
There are _______ types. Causes CL to _______, follicular ________, etc.

Answer 15

many, rupture, rupture

Question 16

Follicle development

Answer 16

Question 17

• Cysts
  Outside = __________ cysts (Typically occurs in which species?)
• Typically from embryonic structures (________ and ______ ducts)
  *________ finding

Inside = ________ cysts (species?)
- _________ in origin (can cause disease)
- Rete ovarii = ? (embryonic structure: mesonephric tubules)
- Subepithelial surface structures and surface epithelium

Answer 17

Periovarian, bitches, mares, cats

Wolffian, Mullerian

Incidental, Ovarian, all domestic, Follicular

non-functional serous cysts

Question 18

What condition can be seen below?

Answer 18

Ovarian cysts

Question 19

Periovarian cysts
Arise from remnants of:
- ______________ ducts (Mullerian ducts)
- __________ tubules and duct (Wolffian ducts)

Answer 19

Paramesonephric, Mesonephric

Answer 20

Question 21

Large cystic epoophoron extends from the proximal pole of the ovary of a mare
* From mesonephric tubules
* Incidental findin

Question 22

What condition can be seen in this image?
Large cystic _________ extends from the _________ pole of the ovary of a mare
* From ________ tubules
* ________ finding

Answer 22

Periovarian cyst
epoophoron, proximal, mesonephric, Incidental

Question 23

What condition can be seen in the image below?

Answer 23

Paramesonephric duct cyst (fimbrial cyst) extending from the fimbria of the uterine tube of a
mare
- Very common in mares and are incidental finding

Question 24

This is a Cystic _______ of a _______ duct adjacent to the _____ tube in a cow.

Answer 24

Cystic remnant of a mesonephric duct adjacent to the uterine tube in a cow.

Question 25

Intraovarian cysts * Cystic rete ovarii – arise from ________ (_______) ducts remnants - at the ____ of ovary - +++_____, ___ and _____ ____. * Epithelial inclusion cyst of the mare – normal surface epithelium of ovary becomes _______ in ovarian _____ at ovulation - At the ovulation _____ * Follicular cyst (_________ follicular cyst)

Answer 25

mesonephric, Wolffian, hilus, dogs, cats, guinea pigs, entrapped, stroma, fossa, Anovulatory

Question 26

What condition is pictured below? What species are typically affected?

Answer 26

Cystic rete ovarii – Dogs, cats and guinea pigs

Question 27

Epithelial inclusion cyst in mares * From surface epithelium that is _______ during ________. * Near to ________ fossa * Can cause infertility by ________ ovulation and __________ the ovary (if ______) * They ______ and slowly ______ in size (different from ovarian follicles)

Answer 27

entrapped, ovulation, ovulation, blocking, compressing, bilateral, persist, increase

Question 28

__________ ________ cyst in mares

Answer 28

Epithelial inclusion cyst in mares

Question 29

________ _______ cyst in mares

Answer 29

Epithelial inclusion cyst in mares

Question 30

Anovulatory follicular cysts (_______ follicle) – ______ than they should normally be at ovulation * Failure of mature follicle to ______ and persistence * Cause? Uterine _____? ____ predisposition? Aberration of preovulatory surge of ___ (absence or mistiming) of the surge? * Possible signs of Hyperestrogenism: bone marrow ______ and changes in the ______ (cystic endometrial ________> ______> ____

Answer 30

Graffian, larger, ovulate, infection, Genetic, LH, suppression, uterus, hyperplasia, mucometra, pyometra

Question 31

_____ of follicular cysts is the biggest determining factor of follicular ____ * > 2.5 cm in ____ and 1 cm in ____ * > 1 cm in ___ and ___ * > 0.75 cm in in older ____

Answer 31

Size, cysts, cows, sows, sheep, goats, bitches

Question 32

Answer 32

Question 33

__________ of the ovaries

Answer 33

Duplication of the ovaries

Question 34

Ovarian remnant syndrome: ________ tissue remains inside the body after a female dog is _____; it can produce _____, triggering signs of ____

Answer 34

Ovarian, spayed, estrogen, heat

Question 35

Equine ovarian varicosities * Effect ____ ______ * _______ of veins > __________ > _________ (in severe cases). Mostly are _______ findings

Answer 35

Old mares, Dilation, thrombosis, infarction, incidental

Question 36

Oophoritis (___________ of the ovary) * Occurence is ____ * __________ infection from ______

Answer 36

inflammation, Rare, Ascending, uterus

Question 37

What condition can be seen below?

Answer 37

Oophoritis

Question 38

Tumors of the ovary * __________ cell tumor * ______________ * __________ * Papillary/cystic __________

Answer 38

Granulosa, Dysgerminoma, Teratoma, adenocarcinoma

Question 39

Granulosa (________) Cell Tumor * 80% of ovarian tumors in _______ * ____lateral, _____ in size, ___ mass * Usually ______ * Produce ____, _______, ________, ____________ Hormone – ________, _______‐like behavior – ________ of contralateral ovary

Answer 39

Theca, horses, Uni, large, cystic, benign, estrogen, inhibin, testosterone, Anti-Muellerian, Nymphomania, Stallion, Atrophy

Question 40

What condition is pictured below?

Answer 40

Granulosa (theca) cell tumor

Question 41

Dysgerminoma * Comparable to ________ in testicle * From ______- cells * ____lateral, _____ in consistency, ___ * Dogs – 10-20% __________ – More aggressive in _______

Answer 41

seminoma, germ, Uni, solid, soft, metastasize, horses

Question 42

Answer 42

Dysgerminoma

Question 43

Answer 43

Teratoma

Question 44

Teratoma * Generally well-____________ and ______ * Have differentiation into ____ of the ______ germ cell layers – Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm * Frequently have ?

Answer 44

differentiated, benign, two, three, hair, teeth, lung tissue, fat, nerves, etc.

Question 45

Ovarian Carcinoma/cystadenocarcinoma * ++ ____ and _____ * Arises from the ______ epithelium or SES * _________ > unilateral * Grossly: _______ structures extending from the surface “_______-like appearance” * Peritoneal implantation = _________ * _____

Answer 45

Dogs, chicken, surface, Bilateral, Papillary, cauliflower, carcinomatosis, Ascites

Question 46

Answer 46

Ovarian Carcinoma/cystadenocarcinoma

Question 47

Answer 47

Ovarian Carcinoma/cystadenocarcinoma * Chicken with ovarian carcinoma and carcinomatosis

Question 48

* Hydrosalpinx – Blockage results in fluid _________ – Blockage from _______ defect (_________, segmental _____ of the uterine ____) or __________

Answer 48

accumulation, congenital, freemartins, aplasia, horn, inflammation

Question 49

* Salpingitis – __________ to uterine disease – ________ (_______ manipulation of the ovary) Acute: T.________, ____/______ (Pyosalpinx) Chronic: ________ and ________

Answer 49

Secondary, Traumatic, manual, pyogenes, Staph, Strept, Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma

Question 50

What condition can be seen here?

Answer 50

Hydrosalpinx

Question 51

Pathology of the Uterus * Developmental – Segmental aplasia * Inflammation * Cystic endometrial hyperplasia * Neoplasia * Other

Question 52

Answer 52

Segmental aplasia

Question 53

Pathology of the Uterus: Inflammation Name the inflammatory causes of uterine pathologies commonly seen in non-human animals.

Answer 53

– Endometritis (postcoitus and postparturition) – inflammation confined to endometrium – Metritis (when invade the myometrium) – Commonly bacterial * Campylobacter, Tritrichomonas, Trueperella, E. coli, etc. * Ascending infection if cervix open – Endometritis in mare

Question 54

Answer 54

Endometritis in cows * Postcoitus/Postpartum (retained placenta) * Predispose to pyometra

Question 55

__________ _____: a tool to evaluate fertility in the mare

Answer 55

Endometrial biopsy

Question 56

Answer 56

Endometrial biopsy - normal

Question 57

Answer 57

Endometrial biopsy in the mare * Glandular nesting/loss * Periglandular and interstitial fibrosis * Type of inflammation Grades I, II, III based on the degree of these 3 lesions

Question 58

Endometrial biopsy in the mare Grade I: >____% chance of _______ and carrying a foal to _____. Grade II: > ___ to ___% chance of ________ and carrying a foal to _____. Grade IIb: >___ to ___% probability of _______ and carrying a foal to ____. Grande III: a ___% or ___ chance of conceiving and carrying a foal to term * Neutrophils: active _______, _____ infection * Lymphocytes: ____ inflammation * Eosinophils: _______, and/or is pooling ____ into the vagina (_______ vagina) making susceptible to uterine _______.

Answer 58

80, conceiving, term, 50, 80, conceiving, term, 10, 50, conceiving, term, 10, less, inflammation, bacterial, chronic, pneumovagina, urine, sinking, infections

Question 59

Pathology of the Uterus __________ _____________ ________ is a common prelude to other conditions

Answer 59

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia

Question 60

What condition can be seen in the image below?

Answer 60

Cystic endometrial hyperplasia

Question 61

_____ - ______ Syndrome

Answer 61

CEH - Pyometra Syndrome

Question 62

CEH- ___________ Syndrome * Estrogen (__________ of endometrial glands) and Progesterone (the epithelium becomes ______, and also cause ________ of endometrial glands) * Most often develops a few weeks after _____, especially in bitches that are not ____ * __. ____ – most common * Sequela: ?

Answer 62

Pyometra, hyperplasia, secretory, hyperplasia, estrus, bred, E. coli Toxemia/bacteremia, Glomerulonephritis

Question 63

____________ in cows * Endometritis > inhibit destruction of ____ > persistence of ____ > ↑ ________ > _______

Answer 63

Pyometra in cows * Endometritis > inhibit destruction of CL > persistence of CL > ↑ Progesterone > Pyometra

Question 64

Pathology of the Uterus * Neoplasia?

Answer 64

– Leiomyoma/Leiomyosarcoma – Uterine adenocarcinoma – Lymphoma (BLV)

Question 65

Answer 65

Uterine leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma * Bitch and cow

Question 66

Uterine adenocarcinoma * Most common tumor in domestic ? * __________ masses, usually involving ____ horns * _________ is common

Answer 66

rabbits, +/- in cattle, rare in other species Multicentric, both, Metastasis

Question 67

Answer 67

Uterine adenocarcinoma

Question 68

Uterine ___________ * ________ ________ Virus (BLV)

Answer 68

Uterine Lymphoma * Bovine Leukemia Virus (BLV)

Question 69

Pathology of the Uterus * Other – Uterine ______ – Uterine _________ – Uterine artery _______ in mares – Endometrial _______ – __________ of placental sites (SIPS) in bitches

Answer 69

torsion, prolapse, rupture, polyps, Subinvolution

Question 70

What condition can be seen below?

Answer 70

Uterine torsion

Question 71

Uterine torsion * ________ uterus * _____metra/____metra * Uterine _______ * Can result in _____ of the fetus and ____

Answer 71

Gravid, Hydro, Pyo, neoplasia, death, rupture

Question 72

What condition can be seen below? * Predisposing causes: (1) prolonged _______ relieved by ____ traction, (2) _______ placenta, and (3) postparturient ________.

Answer 72

Uterine Prolapse * Predisposing causes: (1) prolonged dystocia relieved by forced traction, (2) retained placenta, and (3) postparturient hypocalcemia.

Question 73

Uterine artery rupture in mares * ___ mares with _____ pregnancies * Weakening of the ____ of the artery as a result of advanced ___ and _______ enlargement and _____ of the vessels * Usually _____ ( but may be seen several ____ prior to or following foaling) * Mild to severe (with ___________ ____)

Answer 73

Old, multiple, wall, age, repeated, shrinkage, peripartum, weeks, hypovolemic shock

Question 74

Uterine ________ rupture in mares

Answer 74

Uterine artery rupture in mares

Question 75

Endometrial _____ – dogs and cats * Consist of ________ tissue stroma with _____ glands * __________ * Predispose to _________

Answer 75

Endometrial Polyps – dogs and cats * Polyps consist of connective tissue stroma with dilated glands * Pedunculated * Predispose to prolapse

Question 76

Subinvolution of placental sites (SIPS) * After whelping, uterine bleeding typically ceases within __-__ days * SIPS results in prolonged uterine __________ that manifests as _____ vaginal discharge lasting _____ than ___ weeks * May lead to _________ infection, ________, and open _________

Answer 76

7-10, hemorrhage, bloody, more, six, ascending, endometritis, pyometra

Question 77

Answer 77

Subinvolution of placental sites (SIPS)