Pathology of the Male Reproductive System

Question 1

• Infertility is difficult to _______ unless the cause can be readily _____ and __________
• Determining the cause is where knowledge of disease ________, ________ to injury, and __________ are so important
• Production ($$$) and companion animal ($$) species

Answer 1

reverse, found, corrected, processes, responses, prognoses

Question 2

Cryptorchidism
* ____________ descent of the testis and _________ structures into the ________
* Complete testicular descent usually occurs ______ to birth in most species, except in ____ (by ___ months of age)
* _________/genetic
* Retained testes can be anywhere from ______ to the kidney to the ______ inguinal
ring/subcutis
* Due to ______ intra-abdominal temperature > ______ and also degeneration/atrophy > lack
of _________
* _________ or _______ (infertility)
* Prone to develop ______ and ______
- Dogs: _____ cell tumor and _____
- Stallions: ______ and _________

Answer 2

Incomplete, associated, scrotum, prior, dogs, 3, Congenital, caudal, external, higher, Hypoplasia, spermatogenesis, Unilateral, bilateral, neoplasia, torsion, Sertoli, Seminoma, Seminoma, Teratoma

Question 3

Answer 3

Bilateral cryptorchidism with unilateral Sertoli cell tumor

Question 4

Answer 4

Cryptorchidism
Sertoli cell tumor with testicular torsion

Question 5

Hypoplasia
* Defined as testes that have failed to grow to _______ size, detected right _____ puberty
* ________, low incidence in ?
* Is a ________ and/or ______ condition
* ____lateral or ____lateral
* Causes: ___________, ______ and _________ disorders (reduced production of ____
and ___).
* The best known example is __________ Syndrome (____) in ?

Answer 5

normal, after, Sporadic, bulls, rams, horses, boars, congenital, genetic, Uni, bi, Cryptorchidism, genetic, endocrine, LH, FSH, Klinefelter’s , XXY, tricolor male cat

Question 6

Testicular hypoplasia
* ______ testes and __________ from this yearling ram are very ____ compared with normal age-matched controls
* The seminiferous tubules are lined only by ______ cells, and there is no _________

Answer 6

Both, epididymides, small, Sertoli, spermatogenesis

Question 7

Answer 7

Testicular hypoplasia

Question 8

Answer 8

Normal testicular tissue

Question 9

Answer 9

Testicular Hypoplasia
Testicles/epididymis small but movable in the scrotum. Not apparent until puberty.

Question 10

Testicular Degeneration and Atrophy
* Testes that reduce in ____ ____ puberty
* Most common cause of ________
* Secondary to a variety of insults: _______, _______ loss of blood flow, advancing ___,
_______therapy, ________ and _______ diseases (_____ important), _________, ________.
* Testes is small and firm (________), may be attached to scrotal ___. Epididymis more _________ in size or even ________.
*In young growing males, the distinction between testicular degeneration
and hypoplasia is often difficult. Both lesions are often present _______ because _________ testes are prone to degeneration.

Answer 10

size, after, infertility, Trauma, partial, age, chemo, epididymitis, scrotal, most, hormones, neoplasia

fibrosis, wall, normal, enlarged, together, hypoplastic

Question 11

Answer 11

Testicular degeneration and atrophy
The affected testis (right) is small, and testicular veins are
not visible on the capsule of the testis because of fibrosis
and contraction of the connective tissue. The other testis
(left) is bulbous, indicating hypertrophy

Question 12

Answer 12

Testicular degeneration and atrophy
Interstitial fibrosis that separates the seminiferous tubules, spermatogenic arrest, multinucleated spermatids

Question 13

• Hypoplasia - testicle _____ and _____ movable _____ scrotum. ________ also
  small and poorly developed. _________ condition.

Answer 13

small, freely, within, Epididymis, Irreversible

Question 14

• Degeneration/Atrophy - testicle ____, _____ and may be attached to scrotal ____.
  Epididymis more ______ in size or even ______. __________ is possible.

Answer 14

small, firm, wall, normal, enlarged, Regeneration

Question 15

What can be seen in the image below?

Answer 15

testicular hypoplasia (top) vs. degeneration/atrophy (bottom)

Question 16

Orchitis
* True orchitis is _____. Usually associated with __________.
* Portals of entry:

Answer 16

rare, epididymitis
1. Hematogenous route: Brucella abortus in bulls, C. pseudotuberculosis and B.
ovis in rams, B. suis in boars, B. canis and Blastomyces dermatitidis in dogs.
2. Direct penetration (bite wound, foreign body)
3. Ascending infection - genito-urinary tract – most common: E.coli, Proteus sp.,
Staph/Strep, Histophilus sp., Actinobacillus seminis in rams
4. Peritoneal spread (Periorchitis): FIP in cats, any peritonitis

Question 17

What condition can be seen below?
Causative agent?

Answer 17

Orchitis
Causative agent: Brucellosis - B. suis

Question 18

Answer 18

Brucellosis - B. abortus

Question 19

Answer 19

Necrotizing orchitis
B. suis

Question 20

Answer 20

Orchitis
B. canis

Question 21

Answer 21

Porcine - Glasser’s disease
Peritoneal spread - Periorchitis

Question 22

Answer 22

Chronic Periorchitis and testicle degeneration/atrophy

Question 23

Epididymal disorders
* Developmental: ________/________ and spermatic ________
* Inflammatory: Infectious (similar to _______) and non-infectious ( _________ granuloma)

Answer 23

Aplasia, hypoplasia, granuloma, orchitis, spermatic

Question 24

Answer 24

Efferent ductules (Testicle – Epididymis)

Question 25

Epididymal disorders: Segmental Aplasia/Hypoplasia - Most common in _____ and involves ____ and _____ of epididymis - Usually _________ - Can lead to ____ pressure and secondary testicular _________ - Sperm ________ secondary to obstruction - Can lead to sperm impaction due to obstruction, _______ (spermatocele) and/or ______ (Sperm granuloma)

Answer 25

bull, body, tail, unilateral, back, degeneration, impaction, dilatation, rupture

Question 26

What can be seen in the images below?

Answer 26

Spermatocele (right) Sperm granuloma (left)

Question 27

Spermatic granuloma * Epididymal _______ with __________ of spermatozoa to the interstitium > ________ response - Congenital defect: Always in the epididymal _____ due to ____-ended ________ ductules - _________ trauma - Secondary to ________ ^last two are ________ along the length of epididymis

Answer 27

rupture, extravasation, granulomatous, head, blind, efferent, Mechanical, epididimytis, anywhere

Question 28

What condition can be seen below?

Answer 28

Spermatic granuloma

Question 29

Answer 29

Spermatic granuloma The mass of spermatozoa (right) in the interstitial connective tissue of the epididymis is surrounded by macrophages and multinucleated giant cells (arrow)

Question 30

Epididymitis * Usually ____lateral, _____ to _______ * Epididimytis > testicular __________ (__________ and ___________ of the inflammation) * Noninfectious causes - _______, ________ and _______ obstructions with secondary sperm granuloma * Infectious causes - Ascending bacterial infection from genitourinary tract: ? - Hematogenous - ?

Answer 30

uni, acute, chronic, degeneration, compression, extension, Trauma, congenital, acquired Actinobacillus seminis. H. somni in rams, E. coli, Proteus, etc. Brucella sp. in a variety of animals. B. ovis and B. canis are the most common

Question 31

Answer 31

Acute epididymitis in a dog

Question 32

What condition is pictured below? What is the causative agent here? Note the dramatic __________ of the epididymis (left upper and lower portions of the image) and the adhesion of the ________ ________ ______ to the _________ _______ _____ around the affected epididymis

Answer 32

Epididymitis Brucella Ovis Brucella Ovis Note the dramatic enlargement of the epididymis (left upper and lower portions of the image) and the adhesion of the parietal vaginal tunic to the visceral vaginal tunic around the affected epididymis

Question 33

Answer 33

B. Suis – necrotizing epididymitis and orchitis

Question 34

Testicular tumors * +++ ____, +/- _____, rare in other species * Almost always _____ * There are no features that indicate the likelihood of ________ (spermatic cord, scrotal lymph node, or beyond) * ______ cell tumor * Interstitial (_____) cell tumor * Germ cells: _________ and ________ * _____ cell tumor, ______ cell tumor and _________ can occur concomitantly

Answer 34

Dogs, horses, benign, metastasis, Sertoli, Leydig, Seminoma, teratoma, Sertoli, Interstitial, seminoma

Question 35

Answer 35

Testicular tumors

Question 36

Answer 36

Interstitial (Leydig) cell tumor * Often tan to yellow‐orange, well‐demarcated, soft and spherical * Cysts and hemorrhage are common

Question 37

Answer 37

Sertoli cell tumor * Firm (abundant stroma), white and round to multilobulated * Most common neoplasm in cryptorchid canine testicles

Question 38

Sertoli cell tumor * Approximately 30% produce _________ - Feminization (________ syndrome): __________, penile and testicular ____, loss of _______ - Alopecia – bilateral _______ and _______pigmentation - Bone marrow suppression – ? - Prostatic disease - ?

Answer 38

estrogens, hyperestrogenism, Gynecomastia, atrophy, libido, symmetric, hyper, anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia squamous metaplasia (predispose to inflammatory changes)

Question 39

Answer 39

Sertoli cell tumor

Question 40

Answer 40

Seminoma

Question 41

Seminoma * Derived from ________ cells of the testis (within the ___________ tubules) * Neoplasms bulge from _____‐section, are _____ to ____, ______ and ____. Can be ________ within testicle. * Tend to be more _______ and _______ potential cannot be predicted

Answer 41

germinal, seminiferous, cross, white, gray, glistening, soft, multicentric, invasive, metastatic

Question 42

Answer 42

Seminoma in a stallion with metastases to splenic lymph nodes

Question 43

Teratoma * ______ cell tumor * __________ but seen most often in _______ stallions, _________ testicle * Tumors can be ____, ____ to _____, and contain recognizable ? * Usually ______

Answer 43

Germ, Uncommon, younger, cryptorchid, large, solid, cystic, hair, bone, mucus and teeth, benign

Question 44

Answer 44

Teratoma

Question 45

Pathology of Spermatic Cord Varicocele * Is the _________ of the spermatic veins in the _______ __________ * More common in ____ rams * Cause is _________ * ________ of affected vessels is common * Affect ____________ and lead to testicular __________

Answer 45

dilation, pampiniform plexus, older unknown, Thrombosis, thermoregulation, degeneration

Question 46

Answer 46

Varicocele This extremely large varicocele (arrows) is larger than the testis. It is multinodular from large thromboses filling the dilated veins.

Question 47

* Torsion of spermatic cord -__________ testicles -Testicles with ___________ * Inflammation of spermatic cord (_________) -Most often follows ___________ of castration wounds

Answer 47

Cryptorchid, neoplasms, funisitis, contamination

Question 48

What condition can be seen below?

Answer 48

Testicular torsion

Question 49

Vesicular adenitis * Common in the _____ * Readily diagnosed via rectal _______ * Chronic interstitial form – markedly ______ and _____ * Numerous infectious causes ?

Answer 49

bull, palpation, enlarged, firm (Brucella, Staph/Strep., Mycoplasma sp., T. pyogenes)

Question 50

Answer 50

Vesicular adenitis

Question 51

Prostatitis * ______, _____ dogs – Associated with prostatic _______ or squamous _______ (______ cell tumor) * Ascending infection usually from _____ tract infection - Coliforms (Proteus, E. coli, Staph/Strep) * Prostatitis is also common with ________ _______ infection (hematogenous) * Can compress _____ > ______ > ___________ * Can compress _____ > constipation * Acute to chronic

Answer 51

Older, intact, hyperplasia, metaplasia, Sertoli, urinary, Brucella canis, urethra, LUTI, pyelonephritis, colon

Question 52

Answer 52

Prostate hyperplasia (symmetric)

Question 53

Answer 53

Prostatitis

Question 54

What condition can be seen below?

Answer 54

Prostatitis

Question 55

Answer 55

Compression of the colon by severe prostatitis

Question 56

Prostatic neoplasia * Neoplasia in the prostate can arise from - ________ epithelium (?) - _________ epithelium (?) * Usually in dogs greater than ___ years old * Frequently _________ – especially to bone * ______________ enlargement

Answer 56

Prostatic, ducts and acini, Urethral, urothelial, 10, metastasize, Asymmetrical

Question 57

Answer 57

Prostatic Carcinoma

Question 58

Answer 58

Prostatic Carcinoma Cross section. Note the asymmetric enlargement. The focal white areas are regions of necrosis within a gland that is enlarged by neoplastic epithelial cells.

Question 59

Pathology of Penis and Prepuce * Balanitis vs. posthitis vs. balanoposthitis * Specific diseases: - Equine coital exanthema –? - Infectious balanoposthitis - ? - Ulcerative posthitis in castrated rams - ?

Answer 59

Equine herpesvirus- 3 Bovine herpesvirus 1 Corynebacterium renale

Question 60

Answer 60

Ulcerative balanoposthitis Equine coital exanthema – Equine herpesvirus- 3

Question 61

Answer 61

Infectious balanoposthitis in bovine – BHV-1

Question 62

Answer 62

Ulcerative posthitis in castrated rams – Corynebacterium renale

Question 63

Ulcerative posthitis in castrated rams – ? * __________ (tendency of these animals to urinate within their prepuce) * Diet rich in protein > urine has a high concentration of ______ > ________ breaks the urea down to ammonia, which is cytotoxic

Answer 63

Corynebacterium renale, Castration, urea, C. renale

Question 64

Answer 64

Habronemiasis in horses – Granulomatous balanoposthitis

Question 65

Answer 65

Penile Squamous cell carcinoma in horses

Question 66

Penile Squamous cell carcinoma in horses * Arise from _____ and penis of _____ horses * Equal frequency in _________ and __________ (>12 years) * May arise from previous ? * ________ to _______ tumors with areas of ulceration

Answer 66

sheath, older, stallions, geldings, papillomas caused Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2), Medium, large

Question 67

Answer 67

Penile SCC

Question 68

Answer 68

Fibropapillomas of bulls

Question 69

Answer 69

Fibropapillomas of bulls

Question 70

Fibropapillomas of bulls * Young bulls (_____ years) * Bovine _______________ * ________ mass * ______________ regression

Answer 70

1‐2 , papillomavirus – 1 and 2, Exophitic, Spontaneous

Question 71

Canine TVT * Arises on the _____ or within the _____. They may be ____ or _____, _____ or _____ * Solid sheets of uniform (3) cells with large round ______ nuclei * Transplants from one dog to another at _______ (______) * _________ regression can occur, and most are sensitive to ______ with _________ * Metastasis occurs in up to ___% of cases and may involve the _______ ______ lymph nodes, ____ (from trauma and mechanical implantation), and multiple other organs

Answer 71

penis, prepuce, single, multiple, nodular, papillary round, ovoid, or polyhedral, vesicular, intercourse, allograft Spontaneous, chemotherapy, vincristine, 5, superficial inguinal , skin

Question 72

Answer 72

Canine TVT

Question 73

Answer 73

Scrotal mesothelioma