Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

pathology 2 > pathology of the stomach > Flashcards

pathology of the stomach Flashcards

(58 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

symptoms of gastritis

A

abdominal pain - ill defined, variable in severity
nausea
vomiting
occasionally erosive gastritis can lead too bleeding - haematemesis or malaena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

gastritis characterised by site or aetiology

A

antrum
bondy/fundus
pangastritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

causes of gastritis

A

increased acid
infection disrupting protective barriers
chemical irritants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

specific causes of gastritis

A

drugs
alcohol
bacterial infections
bile reflux

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

aggressive factors in gastritis

A

drug effect, bile, ischaemia, infection, acute stress (shock), chronic stress, allergy, toxic effects and direct trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

3 types of microscopic morphology of gastritis

A

acute, chronic or active chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

acute gastritis

A

neutrophils present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

chronic gastritis

A

plasma cells present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

active chronic gastritis

A

both acute and chronic inflammatory cells present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

reactive/chemical gastritis

A

tends to occur in the gastric body around the greater curvature
thought to be due to the gastric contents settling here with gravity, combined with reduction in prostaglandin synthesis with NSAIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

H. pylori gastritis is usually located

A

tends to be in the antrum, although may extend to involve the entire stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does H pylori do

A

produced toxins and enzymes including urease, with catalyses breakdown of urea to ammonia and CO2, neutralising the acid and protecting the bacterium, but damaging the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

macroscopic appearance of gastritis

A

erythema, mild oedema, sometimes erosions or frank ulceration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

atrophic gastritis

A

chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa causing a losss of the gastric glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

2 main causes of atrophic gastritis

A

H pylori and autoimmune gastritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

autoimmune gastritis

A

auto antibodies being produced against the parietal cells and/or against intrinsic factor
causes loss of acid secreting cells leading to low B12 and pernicious anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

atrophic gastritis is associated with

A

intestinal metaplasia and prominence of pyloric type glands, with hyper plastic foveae and reduction in mucosal folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

atrophic gastritis increases risk of

A

neuroendocrine tumours of the stomach as well as gastric carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

why does pernicious anaemia result from autoimmune atrophic gastritis

A

no IF means B12 is not absorbed by the ileum

slow onset because it tales 3 years for the B12 stores in the liver to be depleted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

location of h pylori associated atrophic gastritis

A

antrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

location of autoimmune atrophic gastritis

A

body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

inflammatory infiltrate of H pylori atrophic gastritis

A

neutrophils, sub epithelial plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

inflammatory infiltrate of autoimmune gastritis

A

lymphocytes and macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

serology of H pylori atrophic gastritis

Study These Flashcards
A

antibodies to h pylori

25
serology of anutimmine atrophic gastritis
antibodies to parietal cells
26
sequelae of h pylori atrophic gastritis
peptic ulcer, adenocarcinoma, MALToma
27
sequelae of autoimmune atrophic gastritis
atrophy, pernicious anaemia, adenocarcinoma, carcinoid tumour
28
peptic ulcer disease
mucosal ulceration affecting the stomach (gastric ulcer) or duodenum (duodenal ulcer)
29
peptic ulcer most commonly caused by
H pylori astral gastritis and ulceration is associated with increased gastric acid secretion and decreased duodenal bicarbonate secretion
30
caused of PUD
same causes as gastritis but additionally may be malignant ulcers associated with carcinoma
31
presentation of peptic ulcer disease
may be similar to gastritis or may have epigastric burning or aching pain 1-3 hours after meals and at night, usually relieved by food can also present with - iron deficiency anaemia - haemorrhage - perforation (severe pain referred to back or chest, free gas under the diaphragm)
32
morphology of PUD
defect in the epithelium, firkin and inflammatory cells at surface, necrotic dibris and slough, extending into and sometimes through the wall background changes or active chronic gastritis
33
chronic complications of peptic ulcer
dysplasia | carcinoma
34
H pylori associated peptic ulcer can cause
mucosal inflammation and inflammatory polyp mucosal atrophy and intestinal metaplasia lymphoid hyperplasia and MALT lymphoma
35
3 main complications of peptic ulcer disease
bleeding perforation obstruction
36
bleeding as a complication of PUD
most frequent complication may be life threatening may be the first indication of an ulcer
37
perforation as a complication of PUD
two third of ulcer related deaths | rarely a first indication
38
obstruction as a complication of PUD
mostly in chronic ulcers secondary to oedema and scarring causes incapacitating, crampy abdominal pain can rarely cause total obstruction and intractable vomiting
39
benign gastric tumours
polyps - cystic funds gland polyp, hyperplastic polyp | gastric adenoma
40
malignant gastric tumours
carcinoma MALT lymphoma gastrointestinal stromal tumour
41
hyperplastic polyps
most common type of gastric polyp not neoplastic occur in chronic inflammation leading to mucosal prolapse and hyperplasia can become ulcerated and bleed can also become dysplastic especially when large
42
fundic gland polyp
occur in the fundus, cystic dilation of oxyntic glands usually asymptomatic, increased incidence with proton pump inhibitors only rarely become dysplastic
43
adenoma
morphology similar too colonic adenomas | neoplastic polyp with low or high grade dysplasia
44
gastric carcinoma
usually adenocarcinoma | incidence varies with geography - more frequent in Japan
45
gastric cancer is associated with
tobacco low socio economic - untreated helicobacter can happen in these context salted/smoked foods
46
clinical presentation of gastric cancer
metastasis often present at diagnosis, including regional nodes and with spread to supraclavicular sentinel lymph nodes
47
survival of gastric cancer
with surgical resection, the 5 year survival of early gastric cancer is 90% even if lymph node metastasis is present 5-year survival of advanced gastric cancer is less than 20% in later cases efforts are usually focussed on chemotherapy, radiation and palliative care
48
2 main categories of gastric cancer
intestinal type adenocarcinoma | diffuse/poorly cohesive adenocarcinoma
49
intestinal type adenocarcinoma
develops from precursor lesions mean age at presentation is 55 years, more common in males chronic inflammation leading to increased risk of dysplasia mutations that result in increased signalling in the Wnt pathways
50
diffuse adenocarcinoma
no identified precursor lesions incidence is relatively uniform - similar prevalence in males and females changes in CDH1 leading to silencing or loss of e-cadherin expression leads to diffuse infiltration of the stomach wall leading to thickening of the wall
51
characteristic of cells of diffuse adenocarcinoma
signet ring morphology
52
loss of cadherin expression in diffuse adenocarcinoma
leads to poorly cohesive cells that infiltrate the stomach wall and undermine the. mucosa
53
MALT lymphoma
the spectrum of haematolymphoid tumours is largely the same throughout the GIT, however the frequencies differ in the various anatomical sites if the digestive system and some types are largely site specific
54
gastrointestinal stromal tumour
most common mesenchymal tumour of the abdomen uncommon slow growing usually diagnosed at 60 years of age can occur anywhere in the GIt arise from the interstitial cells of Cajal
55
gastrointestinal stromal tumour arises from which cells
interstitial cells of Cajal
56
predictors of behaviour of GI stromal tumours
location tumour size mitotic count
57
treatment of GI stromal tumour
complete surgical resection
58
molecular characteristics of GI stromal tumour
usually gain of function mutation in the RTK KIT

pathology 2 (47 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions