Pathology - Pituitary and Adrenal

Question 1

what are the two lobes of the pituitary?

Answer 1

anterior

posterior

Question 2

what is another name for the anterior pituitary?

Answer 2

adenohypophysis

Question 3

where is the anterior pituitary derived from?

Answer 3

Rathke’s pouch

Question 4

what is a trophic hormone?

Answer 4

one that affects other endocrine cells

Question 5

what is a non-trophic hormone?

Answer 5

one that acts on specific cell targets

Question 6

what four trophic hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?

Answer 6

TSH
ACTH
FSH
LH

Question 7

what two non trophic hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary?

Answer 7

GH

prolactin

Question 8

what is another name for the posterior pituitary?

Answer 8

neurohypophysis

Question 9

what is the posterior pituitary?

Answer 9

an extension of neural tissue

contains modified glial cells and axonal processes

Question 10

what hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary?

Answer 10

ADH

oxytocin

Question 11

what three cell types are found in the anterior pituitary?

Answer 11

acidophils
basophils
chromophobes

Question 12

what are the two acidophils of the anterior pituitary?

Answer 12

somatotrophs

mammotrophs

Question 13

what are the three basophils of the anterior pituitary?

Answer 13

corticotrophs
thyrotrophs
gonadotrophs

Question 14

what do somatotrophs secreted?

Answer 14

GH

Question 15

what do mammotrophs secrete?

Answer 15

PRL

Question 16

what do corticotrophs secrete?

Answer 16

ACTH

Question 17

what do thyrotrophs secrete?

Answer 17

TSH

Question 18

what do gonadotrophs secrete?

Answer 18

FSH and LH

Question 19

what are chromophobes?

Answer 19

cells containing no hormones

Question 20

what is a pituitary adenoma derived from?

Answer 20

the cells of the anterior pituitary

Question 21

what are the two ways a person can develop a pituitary adenoma?

Answer 21

sporadic

associated with MEN1

Question 22

what are the two classifications of a pituitary adenoma?

Answer 22

microadenoma (<1cm)

macroadenoma (>1cm)

Question 23

what characterises the aggressive subset of pituitary adenomas?

Answer 23

increased mitotic figures

p53 mutations

Question 24

what is panhypopituitarism?

Answer 24

absent or inadequate production of the hormones of the anterior pituitary

Question 25

where is a craniopharyngioma derived from?

Answer 25

the remnants of rathke's pouch

Question 26

what are the symptoms of a craniopharyngioma? (3)

Answer 26

headaches visual disturbances children may have growth delay

Question 27

what is a rare complication of craniopharyngioma?

Answer 27

SCC after radiation

Question 28

what is the prognosis for craniopharyngioma like?

Answer 28

very good

Question 29

what are the two types of diabetes insipidus?

Answer 29

central | nephrogenic

Question 30

what is central diabetes insipidus due to?

Answer 30

ADH deficiency

Question 31

what is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus due to?

Answer 31

renal resistance to ADH

Question 32

what are the three parts of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 32

zona glomerulosa zona fasciculata zone reticularis

Question 33

what does the zona glomerulosa secrete?

Answer 33

mineralocorticoids | aldosterone

Question 34

what does the zona fasciculata secrete?

Answer 34

glucocorticoids | cortisol

Question 35

what does the zona reticularis secrete?

Answer 35

sex steroids and glucocorticoids

Question 36

what is the core of the adrenal called?

Answer 36

the medulla

Question 37

what innervates the adrenal medulla?

Answer 37

pre-synaptic fibres from the sympathetic nervous system

Question 38

what cell type makes up the adrenal medulla and what do they secrete?

Answer 38

chromaffin cells catecholamines

Question 39

what are the two possible tumours of the adrenal medulla?

Answer 39

pheochromocytoma | neuroblastoma

Question 40

what are the two types of adrenocortical hyperplasia?

Answer 40

congenital | acquired

Question 41

what is the inheritance pattern for CAH?

Answer 41

autosomal recessive

Question 42

what is the pathophysiology of CAH?

Answer 42

deficiency of enzymes required for steroid biosynthesis results in increased androgen production

Question 43

how can CAH present?

Answer 43

masculinisation of features | precocious puberty

Question 44

adrenocortical tumours are rare in children, what increases the risk?

Answer 44

Li-Fraumeni syndrome

Question 45

when is neuroblastoma usually diagnosed?

Answer 45

infancy

Question 46

where are neuroblastomas found?

Answer 46

adrenal medulla along the sympathetic chain

Question 47

what is phaeochromocytoma?

Answer 47

a neoplasm derived from the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla

Question 48

what does a pheochromocytoma secrete?

Answer 48

catecholamines