Pathoma

Question 1

Hypertrophy

Answer 1

increase in cell size

Question 2

hyperplasia

Answer 2

increase in cell number

Question 3

happen together in response to stress to increase organ size

Answer 3

hypertrophy and hyperplasia

Question 4

example of physiologic hyperplasia with hypertrophy

Answer 4

pregnancy

Question 5

permanent tissues that only undergo hypertrophy

Answer 5

skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and nerve

Question 6

pathologic precursor to dysplasia

Answer 6

hyperplasia

Question 7

pathologic precursor to cancer

Answer 7

dysplasia

Question 8

only hyperplasia that shows no increased risk of cancer

Answer 8

Bph

Question 9

decrease in stress yields a decrease in organ size

Answer 9

atrophy

Question 10

to pathways to atrophy

Answer 10

apoptosis and ubiquitin-proteosome degradation

Question 11

degradation of intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton. tagged with ubiquitin and destroyed by proteosomes

Answer 11

ubiquitine -proteosome pathway

Question 12

autophagy of cell components to produce vacuoles that fuse with lysosomes for breakdown.

Answer 12

ubiquitine-proteosome pathway

Question 13

organ stress leads to change in cell type

Answer 13

metaplasia

Question 14

urothelial

Answer 14

transitional epithelium

Question 15

example of metaplasia, non-keratinizing squamous epithelium to non-ciliated mucin producing columnar cells

Answer 15

barrett’s esophagus

Question 16

reversible tissue changes

Answer 16

metaplasia and dysplasia

Question 17

irreversible tissue changes

Answer 17

carcinoma

Question 18

may progress to adenocarcinoma of the esophagus

Answer 18

Barrett’s

Question 19

only metaplasia that will not progress to cancer

Answer 19

apocrine metaplasia of the breast

Question 20

metaplasia as a result of vitamine A deficiency. squamous lining of conjunctiva to strat keratinizing squamous epithelium

Answer 20

keratomalacia

Question 21

muscle tissue changes to bone in healing from traumatic injury

Answer 21

myositis ossificans - Mesenchymal (connective tissues) undergoing metaplasia

Question 22

dissordered cell growth

Answer 22

dysplasia

Question 23

CIN - dysplastic precursor to cervical cancer

Answer 23

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Question 24

unilateral renal agenesis is an example of…

Answer 24

aplasia - failure of cell production

Question 25

streak ovary in turner is an example of...

Answer 25

hypoplasia - decreased cell production

Question 26

Morphologic hallmark of cell death

Answer 26

loss of nucleus

Question 27

nucleus being shrunk down to a small ink dot

Answer 27

pyknosis - first stage of nuclear loss

Question 28

nucleus fragmenting

Answer 28

karyorhexis - second stage of nuclear loss

Question 29

digestion of nucleus fragments

Answer 29

karyolysis - third stage of nuclear loss

Question 30

death of a lg group of cells followed by acute inflammation

Answer 30

necrosis

Question 31

necrotic tissue that remains firm with original structure , but lacks nuclei, often to infarct

Answer 31

coagulative necrosis

Question 32

necrosis from infarct to the brain

Answer 32

liquefactive necrosis

Question 33

area of necrosis is wedge shaped and pale

Answer 33

infarct coagulative necrosis

Question 34

red infarction

Answer 34

blood reenters the tissue and the tissue is loosely organized

Question 35

classic example of red infarction

Answer 35

testicular torsion

Question 36

necrosis from enzymatic lysis of cells and proteins

Answer 36

liquefactive necrosis

Question 37

three manifestations of liquefactive necrosis

Answer 37

brain infarction, abscess, pancreatitis

Question 38

why is brain infarction liquefactive?

Answer 38

microglial cells contain hydrolytic enzymes that destroy the tissue after they die.

Question 39

walled off liquefactive necrosis cause

Answer 39

abscess - enzymes of the neutrophils

Question 40

premature activation of enzymes that results in liquefactive necrosis

Answer 40

pancreatitis

Question 41

coagulative necrosis of lower limb and GI that resembles mummified tissue.

Answer 41

dry gangrenous necrosis

Question 42

superimposed infection of mummified tissue

Answer 42

wet gangrene

Question 43

atherosclerosis of the popliteal artery common cause of gangrene in these pts

Answer 43

diabetic

Question 44

soft friable necrotic tissue

Answer 44

caseous necrosis

Question 45

necrosis with Ca2+ deposition

Answer 45

fat necrosis - chalky white appearance

Question 46

traumatic or lipase release of fatty acids bind calcium

Answer 46

suponification - white deposits in fat

Question 47

causes both liquefactive necrosis and fat necrosis

Answer 47

pancreatitis

Question 48

primary causes of fat necrosis

Answer 48

trauma (breast), and pancreatitis

Question 49

another cause of Ca deposition in breast tissue

Answer 49

ductal carcinoma in situ

Question 50

Ca deposition when serum Ca normal, serum phos normal, psammoma bodies, dying cells.

Answer 50

dystrophic calcification

Question 51

calcification of tissues associated with high serum Ca or PO4 levels

Answer 51

metastatic calcification

Question 52

fibrinoid necrosis in seen in two pathologic processes

Answer 52

malignant HTN (preeclampsia) and vasculitis

Question 53

necrotic damage to vessel walls results in protein leakage into wall and pink staining

Answer 53

fibrinoid necrosis

Question 54

differentiate malignant from benign HTN

Answer 54

acute organ damage, fibrinoid necrosis of placental capillaries

Question 55

energy dependent cell death

Answer 55

apoptosis

Question 56

examples of apoptosis

Answer 56

endometrial shedding