Pathophysiology

Question 1

Bluetongue

Answer 1

Cx in sheep result from vascular endothelial
damage, including edema of the muzzle, tongue,
and coronary bands

Question 2

Bluetongue

Answer 2

– Cx in cattle are rare but may be similar to those that occur in sheep
– fever, increased RR, lacrimation, salivation, stiffness, oral
vesicles and ulcers, hyperesthesia, and a vesicular and
ulcerative dermatitis

Question 3

Bluetongue

Answer 3

– infection during pregnancy may abort or deliver malformed calves or lambs
– hydranencephaly or porencephaly, which results in ataxia
and blindness at birth

Question 4

Bovine Ephemeral Fever

Answer 4

biphasic to polyphasic fever (40°–42°C), shivering, inappetence, tearing, serous nasal discharge, drooling, pulmonary emphysema, increased HR, tachypnea or dyspnea, atony of forestomach, depression, stiffness and lameness, sudden decrease in milk yield

Question 5

Bovine Ephemeral Fever

Answer 5

Cx are generally milder in water buffalo

Question 6

Bovine Ephemeral Fever most common Lx

Answer 6

most common Lx: polyserositis affecting pleural,
pericardial, and peritoneal surfaces, serofibrinous
polysynovitis, polyarthritis, polytendinitis, and
cellulitis, focal necrosis of skeletal muscles

Question 7

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopath

Answer 7

– progressive, fatal, infectious neurologic disease

Question 8

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopath

Answer 8

– hyperesthesia, nervousness, difficulty negotiating obstacles,
reluctance to be milked, aggression toward either farm personnel or other animals, low head carriage, hypermetria, ataxia, and tremors

Question 9

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopath classical

Answer 9

• appears after oral exposure to prions

Question 10

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopath atypical

Answer 10

• appear spontaneously in aged animals

Question 11

Bovine Leukosis

Answer 11

most animals remain persistently infected with
no outward CSx

Question 12

Bovine Leukosis

Answer 12

29% of infected cattle develop persistent
lumphocytosis

Question 13

Bovine Leukosis

Question 14

Bovine Leukosis

Answer 14

<5% of BLV-infected cattle develop lymphosarcoma

Question 15

Bovine Petechial Fever Csx

Answer 15

CSx: intermittent fever, depression, decreased
milk production and petechial hemorrhage
affecting mucous membranes

Question 16

Bovine Petechial Fever

Answer 16

organism
can be seen in
circulating
granulocytes and monocytes while cattle are
ill and in the spleen (initial multiplication) at
necropsy

Question 17

Bovine Papular Stomatitis

Answer 17

associated with ulcerative esophagitis, salivation,
diarrhea, weight loss
– Lx: small, red papules or erosions in the muzzle,
nose, oral mucosa, hard palate, esophagus, and
rumen

Question 18

Bovine herpesvirus-1: Respiratory form

Answer 18

– high fever
– anorexia
– coughing
– excessive salivation
– nasal discharge
– conjunctivitis with lacrimal discharge
– inflamed nares (“red nose”)
– dyspnea

Question 19

Bovine herpesvirus-1: Genital form

Answer 19

– frequent urination
– elevation of tailhead
– mild vaginal discharge

Question 20

Bovine herpesvirus-1: Nasal Lx

Answer 20

– grayish necrotic foci on mucous membrane of septal mucosa
– pseudodiphtheritic yellowish plaques
– conjunctivitis with corneal opacity

Question 21

Bovine herpesvirus-1: Genital Lx

Answer 21

– swollen vulva with small papules, erosions, and ulcers
– inflammation of uterus
– similar lesions in penis and prepuce

Question 22

Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Answer 22

– fever (40°-42°C)
– depression
– decreased feed intake
– increased respiratory rate
– cough
– nasal and lacrimal discharge
– dyspnea with open-mouthed breathing
– subcutaneous emphysema
– secondary bacterial pneumonia
– fatal interstitial pneumonia

Question 23

Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Gross lx

Answer 23

– diffuse interstitial pneumonia
– subpleural and interstitial emphysema
– interstitial edema

Question 24

Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Histologic lx

Answer 24

– syncytial cells in bronchiolar epithelium and lung parenchyma
– intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies
– proliferation and/or degeneration of bronchiolar epithelium
– edema
– hyaline membrane formation

Question 25

Parainfluenza-3 virus: CSx

Answer 25

– pyrexia – cough – serous nasal discharge and lacrimal discharge – increased RR – increased breath sounds

Question 26

Parainfluenza-3 virus: Lx

Answer 26

– cranioventral lung consolidation – bronchiolitis – alveolitis with marked congestion and hemorrhage – inclusion bodies may be identified

Question 27

Bovine Viral Diarrhea - Mucosal Disease Complex

Answer 27

infections leads to immunosuppression causing Sx in multiple body systems in addition to GIT

Question 28

Bovine Viral Diarrhea - Mucosal Disease Complex

Answer 28

– prolonged bleeding – swollen lymph nodes – erosions and ulcerations of GIT – petechial / ecchymotic hemorrhages on viscera – extensive lymphoid depletion – reduced conception rates – congenital malformations of eye and CNS – embryonic resorption, abortion, stillbirth, premature birth, mummification

Question 29

Mucosal Disease (MD)

Answer 29

– uncommon form but typically fatal – fever – leukopenia – dysenteric diarrhea – inappetence – dehydration – erosion in the nares, mouth and GIT – death – Peyer’s patches hemorrhagic and necrotic

Question 30

Caprine Arthritis and Encephalitis (CAE)

Answer 30

Chronic Hyperplastic Polysynovitis (6 mos adult) Leukoencephalomyelitis (2-6 months old) Intestitial pneumonia Indurative Mastitis / “Hard udder” Syndrome

Question 31

Chronic Hyperplastic Polysynovitis (6 mos adult)

Answer 31

– joint swelling and lameness Lx – thickening of joint capsule and proliferation of synovial villi – soft-tissue calcification of joint capsule, tendon sheaths, and bursae – severe cartilage destruction – rupture of ligaments and tendons – periarticular ostephyte formation

Question 32

Leukoencephalomyelitis (2-6 months old)

Answer 32

– ataxia – hindlimb proprioceptive deficits – hypertonia and hyperreflexia – paraparesis to tetraparesis and paralysis – head tilt, circling, torticollis, opisthotonos, limb paddling Lx – assymetric, brownish pink, swollen areas in cervical and lumbosacral spinal cord segments

Question 33

Intestitial pneumonia

Answer 33

– dyspnea Lx – firm, gray-pink lungs with multiple, small, white foci; – bronchial lymph nodes are enlarged – lymphoproliferative with degenerative mononuclear infiltration

Question 34

Indurative Mastitis / “Hard udder” Syndrome

Answer 34

– firm, swollen mammary gland – agalactia

Question 35

Contagious Ecthyma

Answer 35

– vesicles, ulcers, hyperkeratosis – infectious dermatitis primarily affecting the lips of young sheep and goats

Question 36

Contagious Ecthyma

Answer 36

– around feet and coronet - “strawberry footrot” 2° bacterial infection with D. congolensis – ewes nursing infected lambs: teats and udder

Question 37

Foot-and-Mouth Disease

Answer 37

– primary site of infection and replication ofbthe virus is in the mucosa of the pharynx – virus may also enter through skin lx or the GIT

Question 38

Foot-and-Mouth Disease

Answer 38

– once distributed throughout the lymphatic system, the virus replicates in the epithelium of the mouth, muzzle, teats, feet, and areas of damaged skin – vesicles then develop and rupture within 48 hours

Question 39

Maedi-visna 2 forms

Answer 39

– Maedi-Visna is an Icelandic name used for two clinical forms of the disease – Maedi (dyspnea) is a slow, nonfebrile, progressive interstitial pneumonia – Visna (wasting) is a slow progressive encephalitis of sheep

Question 40

Maedi-visna

Answer 40

– macroscopic lx of progressive pneumonia are confined to the lungs and associated lymph nodes

Question 41

Malignant Catarrhal Fever

Answer 41

corneal opacity, depression, and fever (1–3 days), followed by a sero-purulent oculonasal discharge

Question 42

Malignant Catarrhal Fever principal lx

Answer 42

– principal lx: inflammation and necrosis of respiratory, alimentary, or urinary mucosal epithelium; subepithelial lymphoid infiltration; generalized lymphoid proliferation and necrosis

Question 43

Malignant Catarrhal Fever

Answer 43

– mucosal ulcerations and hemorrhage are common – hemorrhages may be present in many parenchymatous organs e.g. lymph nodes

Question 44

Malignant Catarrhal Fever

Answer 44

– typical but not pathognomonic histologic lx is fibrinoid necrosis of small muscular arteries

Question 45

Rabies

Answer 45

-replicates initially in non-nervous tiss. at the site of inoculation – are highly neurotropic

Question 46

Rabies

Answer 46

-travels via the peripheral nerves to the spinal cord and ascends to the brain – after reaching the brain, the virus travels via peripheral nerves to the salivary g. and other organs

Question 47

Rabies

Answer 47

near the end of the clinical phase, after replication in the CNS, virus may be found in nearly every innervated organ

Question 48

Warts

Answer 48

chronic contagious proliferative diss. characterized

Question 49

Warts

Answer 49

associated with benign, cutaneous lx

Question 50

Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex: types/forms

Answer 50

-Bovine herpesvirus-1: Respiratory form – Bovine herpesvirus-1: Genital form – Bovine herpesvirus-1: Nasal Lx – Bovine herpesvirus-1: Genital Lx – Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus – Parainfluenza-3 virus: CSx – Parainfluenza-3 virus: Lx

Question 51

Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD)

Answer 51

– high fever (41°-42°C) – oral ulcerations – eruptive lesions in coronary band and interdigital cleft – diarrhea / dehydration – leukopenia and thrombocytopenia

Question 52

Rabies Clinical Findings

Answer 52

– acute, progressive encephalomyelitis – acute behavioral changes and unexplained progressive paralysis

Question 53

Rabies 3 general phases

Answer 53

– three general phases—prodromal, acute excitative, and paralytic (end stage)

Question 54

Rabies Furious Form

Answer 54

– aggression (the acute neural excitative phase) is pronounced

Question 55

Rabies Paralytic Form

Answer 55

– manifested by ataxia and paralysis of the throat and masseter muscles, often with profuse salivation and the inability to swallow