Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Rad Patho > Pathophysiology 2 > Flashcards

Pathophysiology 2 Flashcards

(133 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

inflammation of the mucosal lining of the stomach and small bowel

A

gastroenteritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

[pathophysiology] gastroenteritis

A
  1. Gastritis due to NSAIDS, alcohol, steroids, stress, trauma, viral/fungal infections, smoking, H. pylori
  2. Salmonella enteritis - contaminated poultry, meat, egg, dairy - diarrhea from mild mucosal ulcerations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

[s/s] gastroenteritis

A

mild feverr
vomiting
watery diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

[Dx] gastroenteritis

A

UGIS/ SIS
DC - slit-like collection of Ba surrounded by radiolucent halos; thickened mucosal folds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

[Tx] gastroenteritis

A

antibiotics
fluid management
remove causative agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

chronic condition where parts of the digestive system become inflamed.
a type of a condition called inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

A

Crohn’s Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Crohn’s Disease occurs in [..]

A

GI tract (lower ileum and cecum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Crohn’s Disease [poi occurrence percentage]

A

SB 30%
Colon 30%
Combination 40-50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Crohn’s Disease [bimodal distrib]

A

14-24 and 50-60 yrs old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

[pathophysiology] Crohn’s Disease

A

-involves all bowel layers which may lead to fistulas and abscess
-rectal sparring 50%
-may affect mouth to anus
-NOD2/CARD15 gene increases susceptibility
-unreg intestinal immune response to envi factors
-crypt cells inflammation and abcess
-small ulcers-thickened bowel wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

[s/s] Crohn’s Disease

A

-similar to appendicitis or acute bowel
obstruction
-periods of exacerbation and inactivity
-abdo pain and cramping , blood in stool, diarrhea, fever, fatigue, mouth sores, reduced appetite and wt loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

[s/s] Crohn’s Disease

A

-similar to appendicitis or acute bowel
obstruction
-periods of exacerbation and inactivity

-abdo pain and cramping , blood in stool, diarrhea, fever, fatigue, mouth sores, reduced appetite and wt loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

[Dx] Crohn’s Disease

A

UGIS/SIS
SBFT
Endoscopy
BaE
CT/MR Enterography
Sonography
HMPAO Leukoscintigraphy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

[Dx] Crohn’s Disease - useful for characterizing length of involvement

A

SBFT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

[Dx] Crohn’s Disease - SBFT Characteristic Findings: (5)

A

abscess/fistula
mucosal nodularity
narrowed lumen
string sign
ulceration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

[Dx] Crohn’s Disease -SBFT sign

A

“String sign” - appears w/ small ulcers and thickened bowel wall, narrowing of lumen, reversible
-caused by incomplete filling as a result of irritability/spasms assoc. w/ ulceration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

[Dx] Crohn’s Disease - preferred initial examination, when ulceration is severe
[appearance]

A

Endoscopy
Cobble Stone appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

[Dx] Crohn’s Disease - for unsuccessful colonoscopies

A

BaE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

[Dx] Crohn’s Disease -shows promise for initial dx

A

CT/MR Enterography

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

[Dx] Crohn’s Disease - CT/MR Enterography -sign

A

“comb sign” - increased no of visible vessels on mesenteric side of affected segments of SB
-found in CD or LUPUS ENTERITIS (SLE MESENTERIC VASCULITIS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

[Dx] Crohn’s Disease - Sonography signs

A

bowel wall thickening (4-5mm)
“target sign”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

[Dx] Crohn’s Disease - monitor and assess disease activity

A

HMPAO Leukoscintigraphy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

[Cx] Crohn’s Disease

A

Mechanical bowel obstruction – fibrotic
scarring
Increased risk for bowel carcinoma

abscess, cancer, fistula, obstruction, perianal disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

[Tx] Crohn’s Disease

A

drug therapy, surgery 70%
recurrence is common
rarely cured but rarely fatal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
long term condition where colon and rectum become inflamed
ulcerative colitis
26
[incidence] Ulcerative Colitis
15-25 yr olds; 4x more common in whites
27
[pathology] Ulcerative Colitis
-inflammation of mucosa only (exudate of pus, blood and mucus from the "crypt abscess") -always start in rectum (up to 1/3 dont progress) -limited to colon and rectum
28
[s/s] Ulcerative Colitis
diarrhea w/ blood or pus, mucus, rectal bleeding, abdo pain and cramping, urgency by inability to defacate. wt loss and fatigue
29
[dx] Ulcerative Colitis
colonoscopy BaE
30
[dx] Ulcerative Colitis - primary means
colonoscopy
31
[dx] Ulcerative Colitis - support dx, assess progression
BaE
32
[dx] Ulcerative Colitis BaE sign
LEAD PIPE SIGN - loss of haustrations + mucosal edema PSEUDOPOLYPS (islands of normal mucosa surrounded by affected mucosa
33
[diagnosis] Ulcerative Colitis
-continuous lesions -rare -lead pipe app due to chronic scarring and subsequent retraction and loss of haustra
34
[Cx] Ulcerative Colitis
cancer megacolon perforation stricture
34
[Cx] Ulcerative Colitis
cancer megacolon perforation stricture
35
[Tx] Ulcerative Colitis
dietary restrictions, steroids Surgery – for obstruction or neoplasm Resection – ileorectal/anal anastomosis
36
Inflammation of the vermiform appendix due to obstruction by a fecalith or neoplasm (rare)
appendicitis
37
[incidence] Appendicitis
late teens and 20s M=F
38
[pathophysiology] Appendicitis
Obstruction – inflammation + distention – compromised blood flow – increased susceptibility to infection (E. coli bacteria) – gangrene, perforation, rupture
39
[s/s] Appendicitis
Persistent RLQ pain Nausea and vomiting – reflex symptom (stomach and appendix innervated by Vagus nerve) Low grade fever, elevated WBC
40
[dx] Appendicitis
CT Radiography + Contrast (BaE) Sonography
41
[dx] Appendicitis - golden standard, most accurate for pts who do not have a clear clinical dx
CT
42
[dx] Appendicitis - follow-up to investigate other RLQ pain causes
Radiography + contrast (BaE)
43
[dx] Appendicitis - effective as CT if done by experienced [...]
Sonography
44
[Cx] Appendicitis
Gangrenous/perforated appendicitis because of delayed dx – rupture – generalized peritonitis – death
45
[Tx] Appendicitis
Surgical removal of the appendix
46
Varicose veins Abnormally lengthened and dilated superficial veins
Esophageal Varices
47
Varicose veins Abnormally lengthened and dilated superficial veins
Esophageal Varices
48
[pathophysiology] Esophageal Varices
Portal hypertension – conditions that cause resistance to the normal blood flow thru the liver (ex. Cirrhosis) – increased blood flow to the collateral veins (esophageal and gastric) – dilatation
49
[s/s] Esophageal Varices
vomiting blood, black/blood stools, lighthead, loss of consciousness, jaundice, easy bleeding, ascites
50
[dx] Esophageal Varices
Thin Ba Swallow - rec pos'n, serpentine/wormlike filling defects
51
[Cx] Esophageal Varices
rupture and hemorrhage - massive often fatal
52
[Tx] Esophageal Varices
Endoscopic Sclerotherapy Banding Ligation Vasopressin Balloon Tamponade "Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt" (TIPPS)
53
[Tx] Esophageal Varices - redirect blood flow, assessed by Doppler
"Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt" (TIPPS)
54
protrusion of bowel loops (usually in the abdominal wall)
Hernia
55
[patho] Hernia
due to anatomic weakness - bowel loop herniates (along with peritoneum)
56
[types] hernia
inguinal - m only femoral umbilical
57
weakness of the esophageal hiatus causing portions of stomach to herniate into the thoracic cavity
hiatal hernia
58
[incidence] Hiatal Hernia
occur in half the popu over the age 50
59
[patho] Hiatal Hernia
early stages - reducible chronic herniation - assoc. w/ GERD
60
[types] Hiatal Hernia
direct/sliding - eso and top of stomach slides w/in diaphragm, GEJ and stomach portions above diaphragm rolling/paraesophageal - portion of stomach herniates above diaphragm, GEJ remains below diaphragm may result in intrathoracic stomach
61
[s/s] Hiatal Hernia
mostly asymptomatic reflux
62
[dx] Hiatal Hernia
UGIS - Schatski Ring (luminal ring related to reflux) -direct/sliding
63
[tx] Hiatal Hernia
conservative management (minimize discomfort)
64
interruption of normal peristalsis of SB and LB due to lesions
Bowel Obstruction
65
[types] Bowel Obstruction
mechanical/physical -physical blockage paralytic/non-mechanical/adynamic/ functional - ab peristalsis
66
[patho] Small BO
adhesive secondary to prev abdo surgeries: 50-70% hernia: 20-25% tumors: 10% mesenteric ischemia: 3-5%
67
[patho] Large BO
colon/rectal CA: 90% volvulus: 4-5% diverticular d.: 3%
68
luminal occlusion by physical means - hernia, tumor, volvulus, intussusception, post op adhesion (most common)
mechanical bo
69
[types] Mechanical BO
Simple Obstruction - does not involve blood supply Strangulating Obstruction- impairment of blood flow resulting to bowel edema then necrosis
69
[types] Mechanical BO
Simple Obstruction - does not involve blood supply Strangulating Obstruction- impairment of blood flow resulting to bowel edema then necrosis
70
volvulus is usually in [..]
sigmoid or ileocecal area
70
volvulus is usually in [..]
sigmoid or ileocecal area
71
[dx] volvulus
rad'phy - collection of air in the dilated bowel
71
[dx] volvulus
rad'phy - collection of air in the dilated bowel
71
[dx] volvulus
rad'phy - collection of air in the dilated bowel
72
[dx] volvulus
rad'phy - collection of air in the dilated bowel
73
[patho] intussusception
imbalance b/w longit and radial smooth muscle forces of intestine that maintain normal struc
74
**[s/s] intussusception
stool w/ blood and mucus, vomiting, lump in belly, weakness, diarrhea
75
[dx] intussusception
BaE - spring-like app
76
a gallstone erodes the gb and creates a fistula w/ SB
gallstone ileus
77
[patho] Gallstone Ileus
obstruction occurs when gs reaches ileocecal valve
78
[dx] Gallstone Ileus
Clinical Radiograph (supine and erect) CT - 90% accuracy for high grade SBO w/o cont (limited for low grade, needs multiformat recon) CT enterography - detecting lumen obliterating ab MRI- for low grade SBO
79
neuromuscular ab failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax leading to dysphagia
achalasia
80
[incidence] achalasia
m=f 20-40 yrs old
81
[patho] achalasia
motility disorder, absence of esophageal peristalsis
82
[s/s] achalasia
slow progressive dysphagia, regurgitation, wt loss, chest pain
83
[dx] achalasia
barium swalllow -upper dilater, lower constricted w/ little/absent peristalsis
84
[tx] achalasia
nitrates, calcium channel blockers, botulinum toxin, esophageal dilation, myotomy
85
variable sized sac/pouch occurring normally or created by herniation of the mucosal membrane thru the muscle wall
diverticulum
86
herniation of the mucosa due to motility disorders of the eso frequent in the upper and lower thirds
pulsion diverticulum
87
[types] pulsion diverticulum
zenker killian-jamieson epiphrenic
87
pulsion diverticulum - zenker
posterior, upper eso (pharyngoesophageal junction)
87
pulsion diverticulum - killian-jamieson
lateral, upper eso
87
pulsion diverticulum - killian-jamieson
lateral, upper eso
88
pulsion diverticulum- epiphrenic
lower eso, above diaphragm
89
[dx] pulsion diverticulum
Ba swallow - rounded w/ narrow neck
90
involves all layers of eso from pulling off adjacent scar tissue
traction diverticulum
91
traction diverticulum frequently in [..]
middle third carina
92
[s/s] traction diverticulum
asymptomatic if small causes obstruction, aspiration pneumonia if large (food retention)
93
[dx] traction diverticulum
Ba Swallow -triangle
94
presence of 2 or more diverticula w/o inflammation
diverticulosis
95
diverticulosis is frequently in the [..]
sigmoid colon 95%
96
[incidence] diverticulosis
adults over 40 yrs
97
[patho] diverticulosis
-assoc. w/ hypertrophy of muscle layer -occur where mesenteric vessel branches pierce bowel wall -pressure gradient b/w lumen and serosa -sigmoid narrowest
98
occurs in 10-20% of pts w/ diverticulosis, exacerbated by lodged feces
diverticulitis
99
[s/s] diverticulitis
LLQ pain and tenderness fever increased WBC
100
[dx] diverticulitis
CT -gs BaE Sonography Endovaginal Sonography
101
[dx] diverticulitis - CT
80-90% sensitivity, ability to detect extraluminal patho (detect other diseases that mimic diverticulitis) -pericolonic adenopathy adjacent -thickened colonic wall seg
102
[dx] diverticulitis- BaE
poor extraluminal imaging
103
[dx] diverticulitis -sonography
high sensi and speci but dep on skill and pt habitus
104
[dx] diverticulitis - endovaginal sono
rule out ectopic pregnancy or PID
105
[cx] diverticulitis
abscesses, fistulas, obstructions, perforations
106
[tx] diverticulitis
antibiotics/anti-inflammatory drugs CT/UTS guided percutaneous drainage of abscess surgical resection
107
benign tumors are almost always [..]
leiomyomas (smooth muscle usually incidental findings)
108
[dx] benign tumors
Ba Swallow -intramural defects CT-gs - exact location of homo st mass
109
[stats] malignant tumor
7% GI cancers - poor prognosis <10% 5 yr survival rate
110
[dx] malignant tumors
endoscopic biopsy CT for TNM staging Endoscopic UTS
111
forms in thin, flat cells lining in esophagus
squamous cell carcinoma
112
[s/s] squamous cell carcinoma
chronic irritation (smoking, alcohol, reflux) dysphagia (50-75% circum reduced) metastatic spread to LN and mediastinal strucs
113
[dx] squamous cell carcinoma
mucosal destruction, ulceration, narrowing, sharp demarcation b/w normal and malignant tissue
114
[tx] squamous cell carcinoma
excision, chemo/rad'n
115
cancers that start in gland cells or bottom of eso lower portion 95%mucosal
adenocarcinoma
116
[s/s] adenocarcinoma
Barrett Esophagus
117
[dx] adenocarcinoma
plaquelike or sessile polyps, infiltrating lesions w/ irregular luminal narrowing (abrupt, asymmetric)
118
[localization of ulcers] gastric adenocarcinoma
lesser curvature, pyloric and antral regions
119
[stats] gastric adenocarcinoma
5x more in Japan 5 yr survival rate - 71% localized <4% metastatic
120
[patho] gastric adenocarcinoma
alter in p53 tumor suppressor gene, cell cycle regulators, cell adhesion mole, DNA repair genes H. pylori -3-6x increased risk
121
[s/s] gastric adenocarcinoma
non specific symp at early stages, diagnosed late persistent GI pain, bleeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, wt. loss, early satiety
122
[dx] gastric adenocarcinoma
UGIS upper gi endoscopy w/ biopsy CT
123
gastric adenocarcinoma - UGIS
rigid peristalsis and filling defects
124
gastric adenocarcinoma-CT
polypoid tumors, staging
125
[tx] gastric adenocarcinoma
subtotal gastrectomy + gastrojejunostomy rad'n/chemo-less effective

Rad Patho (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions