Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Hematology Oncology > Pathophysiology and introduction > Flashcards

Pathophysiology and introduction Flashcards

1
Q

How much blood do you donate when you donate blood?

A

Around 1 pint (450-550ml)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the general composition of blood

A

90% water, 10% solutes
6 quarts in our body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Chief function of blood

A

deliver substances needed for cell metabolism
remove wastes
defense
acid base balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What percent of blood is plasma

A

55% to 60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How long do RBCs live

A

120 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What percent of whole blood are RBCs

A

45%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the most abundent cell in the body

A

RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What percent of blood are WBCs/Platelets

A

1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What makes 55% of blood

A

Plasma component- acellular
Albumin and antibodies, clotting factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the carrier protein in blood

A

albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

If blood plasma with clotting factors is removed, what is it

A

serum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

If someone is asking for serum, what are they asking for

A

blood plasma with clotting factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where is blood made

A

Red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is red marrow replaced by with age

A

Yellow marrow (made of fat cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is red bone marrow found after age 18?

A

Vertebrae, ribs, skull, pelvis, femur and humerus proximal ephphyses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

If you want to get red bone marrow from someone over the age of 18, where should you take it from?

A

Vertebrae, ribs, skull, pelvis, femur and humerus proximal ephphyses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does hematopoiesis mean

A

hemato- blood
poiesis- to make

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When will you see major reticulocytes in the blood

A

When someone has a large trauma or looses a lot of blood, the body will push out many reticulocytes quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

If you see a RBC in peripheral, do they typically have a nucleus or not?

A

No– as RBC gets more hemoglobin, nucleus gets smaller. By blood, no nucleus.
If has nucleus, does not have a lot of hemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the kidney release to secrete more RBCs

A

Erythropoietin (EPO) - Stimulated by low O2 levels detected by kidneys
Stimulate more RBC profliforation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Trace the path of erythryopoesis

A

Erythrocyte precursor–> nucleated RBC–> nucleus expelled–> reticulocyte–>mature RBC–> Peripheral circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the average lifetime of a RBC

A

120 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the general makeup of a RBC

A

NO nucleus or organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 2 chains in hemoglobin in an adult vs fetus

A

Adult– 4 chains, 2 alpha, 2 beta
Fetus- 4 chains, 2 alpha, 2 gamma (higher O2 affinity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How many hemoglobin molecules does one RBC contain
300 million
26
What are the key necessities for RBC production
Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals (IRON), Folate
27
Where is the body iron found and how is it lost
bound to heme or stored in liver lost in urine, sweat, epithelial cells, or from gut
28
Where is iron absorbed
Jejunum and duodenum Stored in bone marrow and liver by ferritin
29
What are 3 common ways someone has an iron deficiency because of gut abnormalities
1. Surgeries where they no longer have the duodenum or jejunum 2. Medications (acid suppressors for GERD ex.) that lower the acididty and absorbtion 3. Celiac disease
30
Porphyrin from RBCs goes where in RBC distruction
Reduced to bilirubin, transported to liver, secreted in bile
31
What 2 factors maintain platelets
TPO and IL-11(both inflammatory markers)
32
How long do platelets circulate for
7-10 days
33
What factor is made in the liver that helps maintain Platelet function?
TPO
34
What is the most common WBC
Neutrophils
35
Which WBC fights parasites
eosinophils
36
Which WBCs fight Allergic reactions
Mast cells and Basophils
37
Your patient has elevated eosinophils. What is a possible infection cause?
Parasites
38
Your patient has elevated neutrophils. What is a possible infection cause?
Bacteria
39
Your patient has elevated mast cells and basophils. What is a possible infection cause?
Allergies
40
What stimulates the production of WBCs
- G-CSF (graulocyte colony stimulating factor) - GM-CSF ( Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor)
41
Where do B cells mature
Lymph nodes and spleen
42
Where are T cells exposed to antigens
in Thymus
43
What cell makes antibodies
B cells (Lymphocytes, do not contain granules)
44
What percent of WBCs are Lymphocytes
35% Do not contain granules B cells, T cells, NK cells
45
What percent of WBC are macrophages
5% of all WBCs, Monocytes in circulation
46
What occurs in DiGeorge syndrome
Chromosome 22 deletion Underdeveloped thymus Patients do not develop T cells which causes severe immune deficiency
47
Which type of immunity does the spleen play a role in
Innate and adaptive Trains B cells and T cells, Antigen presentation Regulates blood volume
48
If your patient comes to you complaining of RUQ pain and feelings of fulness, what is the organ that is possibly implicated?
The Spleen, full feeling because when inflammed it presses on stomach, when we have imperfect RBCs, they sequester here and cause pooling in the spleen, causing splenomegaly Common in hemolytic anemia, sickle cell anemia, maleria, mononucleosis
49
What are some common disorders causing an enlarged spleen
Common in hemolytic anemia, sickle cell anemia, maleria, mononucleosis
50
Function of lymph nodes
Lymphocytes and macrophages interact to generate immune response Antigen presentation to T cells, B cell maturation Abnormal cells trapped here
51
What does an issue with primary hemeostasis look like for patients
patients in surgery can't stop bleeding, can't actually form the platelet plug. Patients often have gum or vaginal bleeding, too.
52
Describe primary homeostasis
Platelet plug Platelest are activated, adhesion, aggregation, secretion
53
What drives secondary homeostasis
coagulation cascade/factors Fibrin clot
54
If you hear "fibrin clot" what type of homeostasis are you thinking
secondary homeostasis
55
Blood vessel injury releases what factor
vWF (Von willebrand factor)
56
When platelets are activated, which surface protein do they express
Glycoprotein 2b/3a (targetted by plavix to prevent platelet plug)
57
What does GPIIb/IIIa bind to to form the platelet plug
fibrinogen
58
What are the 5 steps to platelet plug formation
1. Blood vessil injury 2. Platelet adhesion to vWF from endothelium 3. Platelet activation 4. Platelet aggregation 5. Platelet plug formed
59
What are intrensic vs extrensic pathways measured by
PTT= intrensic (Table Tennis is played inside) PT= extrensic (Tennis is played outside)
60
Factor 8 deficiency leads to what
Hemophilia A
61
Factor 9 deficiency leads to what
Hemophilia B
62
Warfarin inhibits what
PT (extrensic pathway) Vitamin K antagonist
63
Hemophilia B is caused by what deficiency
Factor 9 deficiency
64
Hemophilia A is caused by what
Factor 8 deficiency
65
What are the vitamin K dependent factors
2, 7, 9, 10 1972 ( War of Vietnam was 1972, and Warfarin inhibits Vitamin K),
66
What does heparin inhibit
Intrensic pathway (PTT)
67
What drug inhibits the intrensic pathway
Heparin
68
If you want to inhibit factor 12, which drug should you give
Heparin (inhibits intrensic pathway)
69
If you want to inhibit factor 7, which drug should you give?
Warfarin (vitamin K antagonist)
70
Where are most coagulation factors made
The liver
71
Which factor starts the extrensic pathway
factor 7
72
Which factor helps with both clot formation and breakdown
12a turns plasminogen to plasmin

Hematology Oncology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions