pathway review

Question 1

glycolysis

Answer 1

provides energy
excess used for lipogenesis in liver and adipose

Question 2

PDH complex

Answer 2

link bw glycolysis and CAC (puruvate to acetyl coa)

Question 3

CAC

Answer 3

oxidation of acetyl coa coupled to reduction of NAD+/FAD

Question 4

ocidative phoshphorylation

Answer 4

NADH/ FADH2 oxidation coupled to ATP synthesis

Question 5

gluconeogenesis

Answer 5

provies glucose to bloodstream during starvation

Question 6

glycogenolysis

Answer 6

supplies glucose for ATP synthesis WITHIN that tissue but in liver it serves to maintain blood glucose levels

Question 7

glycogen synthesis

Answer 7

store carbs

Question 8

b-oxidation

Answer 8

provide energy

Question 9

PPP

Answer 9

provide pentose sugars for nucleotide synthesis and NADPH for anabolic pathways (lipid synthesis)

Question 10

FA synthesis

Answer 10

storing energy, synthesis of phospholipids and CE and used as signalling molecules

Question 11

cholesterol synthesis

Answer 11

used in membrane synthesis, bile acid/ salt synthesis, steroid hormone synthesis, and to make oxysterols

Question 12

ketone bodies

Answer 12

used by non liver tissues during starvation but not RBC

Question 13

lipoprotein metabolism

Answer 13

delivers FA and monoglyceride to tissues and can modigy the type/ density of lipoprotein

Question 14

urea cycle

Answer 14

detoxifies ammonia

Question 15

what processes occur in all tissues

Answer 15

glycolysis and PPP

Question 16

where does PDH cycle occur

Answer 16

everywhere but RBC

Question 17

where does CAC occur

Answer 17

everywhere but RBC

Question 18

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur

Answer 18

everywhere but RBC

Question 19

where does b oxiation occur

Answer 19

everywehre but RBC and little in brain

Question 20

where does glycogen synthesis occur

Answer 20

almost everywhere, but mainly in liver and muscle

Question 21

where does gluconeogenesis occur

Answer 21

liver and kidneys

Question 22

where does glycogenolysis occur

Answer 22

liver and muscle

Question 23

where does cholesterol synthesis occur

Answer 23

all tissue but mainly liver

Question 24

where does FA synthesis occur

Answer 24

liver and adipose tissue

Question 25

where does ketone body formaiton occur

Answer 25

liver

Question 26

where does urea cycle occur

Answer 26

liver

Question 27

where does lipoprotein metabolism occur

Answer 27

bloodstream

Question 28

glucose 6 phosphate

Answer 28

exported as glucose to replenish blood glucose

Question 29

what is used to syntehsize FA

Answer 29

glucose

Question 30

what does glucose-6-phosphate enter

Answer 30

blood glycogen syntehsis enter glycolysis > PDH >CAC FA synthesis PPP to yield NADPH and pentoses

Question 31

where do AA go

Answer 31

to make proteins, nucleotides, hormones or in bloodstream to pass to other organs can be converted to pyruvate and ammonia

Question 32

fate of lipids

Answer 32

converted to liver lipids B ocxidation > acetyl coa and NADH form phospholipids and TAG of plasma lipoprotiens bind to albumin in blood for transport to heart and skeletal muscle

Question 32

fate of lipids

Answer 32

converted to liver lipids B ocxidation > acetyl coa and NADH form phospholipids and TAG of plasma lipoprotiens bind to albumin in blood for transport to heart and skeletal muscle

Question 33

enzyme for glycogen synthesis

Answer 33

glycogen synthase

Question 34

enzyme for glycogen breakdown

Answer 34

glycogen phosphorylase

Question 35

enzyme for glycolysis and CAC and PDH

Answer 35

PFK1 by PFK2 PDH complex

Question 36

enzyme for FA synthesis

Answer 36

ACC

Question 37

enzyme for TAG synthesis

Answer 37

liporpotein lipase HOW?

Question 38

glucagon and FA

Answer 38

mobalizes FA from adipose tisseu

Question 39

what does glycogen breakdown require

Answer 39

glycgen phosphorylase

Question 40

glycogen synthesis enzyme

Answer 40

glycogen synthase

Question 41

glyclysis enzyme

Answer 41

PFK1

Question 42

gluconeogenesis enzyme

Answer 42

FBPase2 PEP carboxykinase

Question 43

enzmyme against gluconeogenesis

Answer 43

Pyruvate kinase

Question 44

FA mobilization enxyme

Answer 44

hormone sensitive lipase

Question 45

ketogenesis enxyme

Answer 45

dec ACC

Question 46

what has the highest caloric equivalent in obses people over normal people

Answer 46

in TAG, caloric equivalent inn TAG (adipose tissue) is much higher in obese

Question 47

TAG metabolism during fasting

Answer 47

liver converts FA and ketone bodies for export to other tissues including brain

Question 48

glucose plasma concentration during starvation

Answer 48

begins to deminish within 2 days

Question 49

ketone bodies during starvation

Answer 49

rise dramatically after 2-4 days

Question 50

where do ketone bodies go

Answer 50

form liver to heart skeletal muscle brain

Question 51

when are glycogen stores depeleted

Answer 51

24-36 hours

Question 52

when does liver begin gluconeogenesis

Answer 52

after 24-36 hours

Question 53

gluconeogenesi what is it made from

Answer 53

amino acids non essential abundant proteins

Question 54

events after 2-3 days of starvation

Answer 54

low insulin= TAG breakdown TAG glycerol used for gluconeogenesis (preservnes AA for protein synth) FA oxidation (not in brain) ketone bodies for brian, heart, skeletal muscle

Question 55

4+ days after starvation

Answer 55

ketone main energy for brain FA oxidation maintains essential metabolic processes

Question 56

what happens during starvation when fat stores are compoetely depleted

Answer 56

protein breakdown= AA for gluconeogenesis is mian source of energy in all cells heart and liver proteins broken doown mscle wasting negative impacts on organ function death