✅Pathways, Subcortical Regions And Cranial Nerves

Question 1

What is the brainstem?

Answer 1

A channel for sensory and motor pathways

Question 2

What are the divisions of the brainstem?

Answer 2

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Spinal cord

Question 3

How does the cerebellum connect to the brainstem?

Answer 3

Via 3 pathways

Question 4

What does the connection of the cerebellum and the brainstem ensure?

Answer 4

Coordination of movement ( important for balance)

Question 5

What does damage to the connection of cerebellum and brainstem affect?

Answer 5

Production of steady movement

Question 6

What is the lambic system?

Answer 6

Structures within cerebrum involved in emotions, motivations, memory and adaptive functions

Question 7

What is the lambic system made up of?

Answer 7

▹Cingulate gyrus
▹Hippocampus
▹Amygdala
▹ and more…

Question 8

Where does the hippocampus lie?

Answer 8

Deep within temporal lobe

Question 9

What does the hippocampus do?

Answer 9

Consolidates information from short and long term memory

Question 10

Where is the amaygdala?

Answer 10

Attached on hippocampus

Question 11

What does the amaygdala do?

Answer 11

Processes fearful emotions

Question 12

Why do we need co-ordination of the various muscle groups on the cerebellum?

Answer 12

To produce a smooth flow of speech and swallowing

Question 13

What does the cerebellum play an important role in?

Answer 13

Interpretation of sensory perception and motor output ( attention, language, music

Question 14

What happens if the cerebellum is damaged?

Answer 14

Slurring of speech

Question 15

What are the two projection tracts for cerebral connection?

Answer 15

Corticobulbar

Corticospinal

Question 16

What is the main association tract for cerebral connection?

Answer 16

Accurate fasciculus

Question 17

What is a tract?

Answer 17

A long axon

Question 18

Where is the association tracts?

Answer 18

intrahemispheric (within and between lobes)

Question 19

Where do the projection tracts connect?

Answer 19

Cortex to brainstem/ spinal cord

Question 20

Where does the architect fasciculus flow through

Answer 20

Wernickes area and brocas area

Question 21

What does the accurate fasciculus do?

Answer 21

Connects speech and language cortical areas in frontal, temporal & parietal lobes

Question 22

What does bulbar mean?

Answer 22

Brainstem

Question 23

Where do fibres originate in the corticobulbar/ nuclear tract?

Answer 23

In cortex ( cell bodies upper motor neurons)

Question 24

Where do the fibres end in the corticobulbar tract?

Answer 24

Brainstem

Question 25

What do fibres do in the corticobulbar tract?

Answer 25

Fibres for control of facial, jaw, tongue, velopharyngeal & laryngeal muscles connect with lower MOTOR Neurons

Question 26

What is effected in motor neuron disease?

Answer 26

Upper or lower

Question 27

What is Corticobulbar tract most important for

Answer 27

Larynx

Question 28

Where do fibres originate in corticospinal Tract?

Answer 28

Primary motor, promotors, supplementary motor cortex

Question 29

Where do the fibres end in the corticospinal tract?

Answer 29

Spinal cord

Question 30

What are the basal ganglia?

Answer 30

A group of nuclei ( cell bodies)

Question 31

What does the basal ganglia do?

Answer 31

Refine any information from the cortex

Question 32

What is the basal ganglia in control of?

Answer 32

Motor control Motor learning Behaviour/emotions

Question 33

What are the sections in the basal ganglia?

Answer 33

Striatum ( caudate + putamen) | Globus pallidus

Question 34

What are the input and output nuclei in the basal ganglia?

Answer 34

``` Input = caudate, putamen Output = globus pallidus ```

Question 35

What does the basal ganglia control?

Answer 35

``` processes movement (muscles of face, larynx, tongue & pharynx) ▹Main site of dopamine release ```

Question 36

What happens if the basal ganglia is damaged?

Answer 36

Result ion involuntary movement Parkinson's Lack of coordination

Question 37

What are the 4 sections of the thalamus?

Answer 37

▸Hypothalamus ▸Epithalamus ▸Prethalamus ▸Dorsal thalamus

Question 38

What does thalamus act as?

Answer 38

Relay station between subcortical areas and cortex

Question 39

What does the thalamus do?

Answer 39

Relays sensor information | Almost all sensory systems have thalamus nuclei

Question 40

What does the thalamus control?

Answer 40

▹Language Processing | ▹Verbal short-term memory

Question 41

What can happen if the thalamus is damaged?

Answer 41

Deficits in memory, attention, reduced spontaneous speech

Question 42

What are the 3 stages of the neural pathway of speech?

Answer 42

Intention Ideation Perception

Question 43

What is controlled in wernickes area?

Answer 43

Linguistic-symbolic processing | Linguistic form

Question 44

What is controlled in brocas area?

Answer 44

Motor speech programming

Question 45

What is controlled by the motor cortex?

Answer 45

Execution

Question 46

What is the neural pathway of speech?

Answer 46

``` ▹Intention~ideation~perception ▹Linguistic-symbolic processing~linguistic form (Wernickes area) ▹Motor Speech programming (Brocas) ▹Co-ordination ▹Execution (Motor cortex) ```

Question 47

What are the cranial nerves for for speech and swallowing?

Answer 47

V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII

Question 48

Cranial Nerve V: TRIGEMINAL controls what?

Answer 48

Sensory and motor nerves with 3 divisions

Question 49

What are the 3 sensory and motor nerve divisions from Cranial Nerve V: TRIGEMINAL

Answer 49

1. OPTHALAMIC 2. MAXILLARY both sensory: touch, pressure, pain from mid and upper face, maxillary teeth, sinuses . 3. MANDIBULAR sensory: touch pressure and pain from lower teeth, skin of lower face, front 2/3s of tongue, pinna motor: innervates the jaw closing muscles (digrastic, palatal tensor, tensor tympani, mylohyoid)

Question 50

What are the sensory and motor breakdowns for Cranial Nerve VII: FACIAL?

Answer 50

sensory: touch, pressure, taste, pain from mid and upper face, maxillary teeth, sinuses. motor: innervates all muscles of facial expression, the stapedius. Produces saliva. Orbicularis Oris, Mentalis, Levator Anguli oris etc.

Question 51

What does the sensory nerve do for Cranial Nerve VIII: AUDITORY-VESTIBULAR NERVE?

Answer 51

carries information from both cochlea and vestibular apparatus of inner ear to brainstem)

Question 52

What do the sensory and motor nerves for Cranial Nerve IX: GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL do?

Answer 52

sensory: touch, pressure from posterior tongue, parts of pharynx, pinna and ear drum (inner surface) motor: innervates stylopharyngeus (swallowing)

Question 53

What do the sensory and motor nerves for Cranial Nerve X: VAGUS do?

Answer 53

sensory: touch, pressure from larynx, pharynx. motor: innervates pharyngeal constrictor, palatal levator, intrinsic muscles of the larynx, palatoglossus

Question 54

What do the motor nerves do for Cranial Nerve XI: SPINAL ACCESSORY NERVE do?

Answer 54

motor: innervates sternocleidomastoid, & trapezius

Question 55

What do the motor nerves for Cranial Nerve XII: HYPOGLOSSAL do?

Answer 55

motor: innervates all intrinsic tongue muscles, and all (but one) extrinsic