PCOG Glycosides Part 1 Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
Yield one or more sugars among the product of hydrolysis
A
Glycosides
2
Q
It is any molecule in which a sugar group is bonded through its anomeric carbon to another group via glycosidic bond
A
Glycosides
3
Q
An aqueous solution hexoses and pentoses will cyclize forming
A
Alpha and beta forms
4
Q
Linamarin is an o-glycoside derived from
A
D-glucose
5
Q
Sinigrin is an S-glycoside derived from
A
D-glucose
6
Q
Has an IN ending and the names indicate the source
A
Glycosides
7
Q
Digitoxin is from
A
Digitalis
8
Q
salicin from
A
Salix
9
Q
Prunasin from
A
Prunus
10
Q
The most frequently occurin sugar is
A
B-D-glucose
11
Q
Rhamnose,digitoxose cymarose and other sugar are component of
A
Glycosides
12
Q
When the sugar formed is glucose
A
Glucoside
13
Q
When other sugar other than glucose is produced
A
Glycoside
14
Q
Non sugar component of glycosides
A
Aglycone,aglycon,or genin
15
Q
Sugar component of glycosides
A
Glycone
16
Q
Imortanceof glycosides
A
Involved in its regulatory protective and sanitary functions of plants
Therapeutic agents
17
Q
Occurences of glycosides
A
Widely distributed in plant kingdom-fruit,seeds,barks,leaves
Animals(relatively rare)
18
Q
O-glycosides linkages
A
Phenol or OH group
19
Q
N-glycoside linkage
A
N of amino group NH
20
Q
S-glycosides linkage
A
S of thiol group
21
Q
C-glycosides linkage
A
On C atom
22
Q
Classification of the glycosides
A
Cardioactive steroid group
Anthraquinone
Saponin
Cyanophore
Glucosinolate
Flavonol
Alcohol
Aldehyde
Phenol
23
Q
Related to steroids, CPPP nucleus
Sugar component is attached on the 3 position of the CPPP nucleus (cyclo,pentano,perhydro,phenanthrene)
2 aglycones- cardenolides, bufadienolides discovered from bufalin isolated from skin of toad
A
Cardiac glycosides
24
Q
Leibermann-burchard test
A
Test the cardenolides/bufadienolides
25
Kedde reaction
Tests prescence of the lactone ring
26
The ability to increase the force of systolic contraction
Inotropic effect
27
What toxiity increases with the depletion of potassim ions
Digoxin toxicity
28
Sources of digitalis
Foxglove( D.purpurea)
Grecian foxglove (D.lanata)
29
Digitoxin
Gialoxin
Gitoxin
Digitalis Purpurea
30
Digoxin
Desacetyl lanatosde (deslanoside)
Digitalis lanata
31
More commonly used
Polar becase of the OH group in the structure
Easily eliminated therefore short acting
Digoxin
32
Pigeon-Used in the bioassay (potency)
Antidote-Digoxin immune fab
Inotropic agent
Digoxin
33
Lipophilic
Longer half life
Drug of choice for CHF but now it is used in the management of arrhythmia atril fibrillations
Digitoxin
34
Used for rapid digitalization
Deslanoside
35
Aka lily of the valley
Liliaceae
From Convallaria majalis
Convallaria
36
Active component of convallaria and not recommended
Convallotoxin
37
Black indian hemp
Dog bane
Apocynum cannabinum
Apocynum
38
Active constituent of apocynum which is also a cardiac glycoside
Cymarin
39
Aka pheasants eye
Adonis vernalis
Ranunculaceae
Adonis
40
Active constituents of adonis
Adonitoxin,Cymarin, K-strophantin
41
Aka Night blooming cereus
From selenicereus grandiflorus
Cactaceae
Causes positive inotropic effect
Cactus Grandiflorus
42
Aka christmas rose
Helleborus niger
Ranunculaceae
Black Hellebore
43
Constituent of black hellebore
Hellebrin
44
Varieties of black hellbore
Black-glycosidal cardiac stimulant(inotropic)
Green and white alkaloidal cardiac depressant
45
From s.kombe and s.hispidus
Component K strophantoside
Apocynaceae
Strophantus
46
3rd most important glycoside available in the market
G.strophantin (ouabain)
47
From Urginea maritima
Hyacinthaceae
Use is expectorant
Squill or squill bub
48
Component of squillbub or squill
Scillaren-A made up of scillarenin glucose and rhamnose
49
Red variety of squill or squill bulb
Rodenticide
50
From nerium oleander
Apocynacea
Genocide in sri lanka
Mimics digoxin
Adelfa
51
Component of adelfa and effect
Oleandrin and digitalinum verum
Oral ingestion can cause poisoning
52
Related to anthracene
Anthraquinone glycosides
53
Hydrolysis yields aglycones that are di tru or tetrahydroxyanthraquinones or modification of these compounds
Anthraquinone glycosides
54
Species that produce several anthraquinone glycosides
Peniciullium islandicum
55
Anthranols are converted into
Anthraquinones
56
Often used for anthranols
Schontetens test green fluorescece
57
Main constituents of chrysarobin, a mixture of substances
Anthrnols and anthrones
58
Use of anthraquinone glycosides
Stimulant cathartics- increasing the tone of the smooth muscle in the wall of the colon and stimulate the secretion of water and electrolytes into the large intestine
59
Detected by borntrager test positive result red or pink at the ammponiacal region
Anthraquinone glycosides
60
Occurs in plants as hydroxylated methylated or carboxylated
Anthraquinone glycosides
61
Rhamnuss purshiaa
Sacred bark
Use is cathartic
Cascara Sagrada
62
2 type of anthracene compounds in cascara sagrada
Normal o glycosides- based on emodin 10-20%
Aloinlike C-glycosides about 80-90%
63
Main active principles of cascara sagrada
Cascarosides A based on isomers of barbaloin
Cascarosides B
Cascarosides c based on optical isomers of chrysaloin
Cascarosides D
64
Rhamnus frangula
Component of Otc product Movicol also contains karaya
Frangula
65
Due to prescence of frangulins A and B related to glucofrangulins
Has a laxative effect
Frangula
66
Yields not less than 50% of the water soluble extractive
Aloes
67
Taste is nauseating and bitter
Aloes
68
Odor is disagreeable
Aloes
69
Alope barbadensis aloe vera
Pharmaceutical ai for compound benzoin tincture
Curacao aloe
70
Aloe ferox
Aloe africana
Aloe spicata
Elicits a drastic cathartic reaction
Cape aloe
71
Fresh mucilaginous gel contained in the parenchymatous tissue in the center of the leaves in A.barbadensis for the treatment of burns abrasions and other skin irritations
Moisturizing and emollient properties
Aloe vera gel
72
Aloin A barbaloin
Aloin B isobarbaloin
Inactive ingredient including large amounts of 16 to 63% of a resinus material plus volatile oil
Principal anthraquinone glycosides
73
Rheum officinale
R palmatum
R emodi
R webbianum
Effect drastic cathartic
Rheum
Chinese rhubarb
Himalayan rhubarb
Indian rhubarb
74
Cassia acutifolia
Alexandria senna
Cassia angustifolia tinnevelly senna
Fam fabaceae
Use is cathartic
Senna
75
Is graded according to the size of the leaf and the color of the leaflets
Blue green are best yellowish are poorest
Senna
76
Prinipal active constituents if senna whose aglycones are composed of aloe-emodin and or rhein
Dimeric glycosides
77
Pair of stereoisomers whose aglycones are rhein dianthrone
sennosides a and b
78
Are minor constituents having dimeric aglycone
Sennosides C and D
79
Contain useful active glycosides some of the primary glycosides in the pods hve as many as 10 sugar molecules attached to a rhein dianthrone nucleus
Senna pods
80
Blue green-best grade
Yellowish-poorest
cultivated on wet lands resembling rice paddies
Senna
81
Mixture of neutral principles obtained from Goa powder obtained in the lysogenous cavities in the wod of andira araroba
Hot benzene is used to extract chrysarobin 50-70% yields from goa powder
Chrysarobin
82
Psoriasis trichophtosis and chronic eczema
Keratolytic
83
Representative sample contains approximately 30-40% chrysophenolanthrone
20 emodinanthrone monomethyl ether and 30% of dehydro emodinanthrone
Anthraqunone
84
1,8 dihydroxyanthraquinone
1,6 dihydroxyanthraquinone is the natural constituent but it is difficult to isolate
Prepared synthetically from 1,8 anthraquinone potassium disulfonate
Danthron or chrysarin
85
Uses of danthron or chrysarin
An important intermediate in the manufacture of anthralin and of alizarin and indanthrene dyestuffs
Cathartic
86
From colloidal solutions in water that foam upon shaking-froth test have bitter acrid taste and drugs containing them are usually sternutatory and otherwise irritating to the mucous membrane.
Destroys red blood cells by hemolysis and are toxic especially to cold blooded animals-hemolysis test
Saponin glycosides
87
Aglycones uually prepared by acid catalyzed hydrolysis usually temed as form readily crystallizable compounds upon acetylization
Sapogenins
88
Poisonous saponins
Saotoxins
89
Many are toxic to insects and mollusks and some have been used for controllig schistosomiasis snails
Many are used as fish poisons
Saponin glycosides
90
Chemically can either be steroidal or triterpenoidal
Saponin glycosides
91
Saponin glycosides has two chemical classes
-steroid
Diosgenin and botogenin most important plant steroids for the partial synthesis of steroid hormones -from the genus of dioscorea
Hecogenin manogenin and gitogenin from species of agave
Sitosterol from crude vegetable oil
92
Have large number of carbon atoms C27 t C30 making them lipophilic
Triterpenoid saponins
93
SaponinsHave been used experimentally to enhance the absorption of insulin from tje application of nasal aerosols.
Excellent emulsifiying agents and the aqueous solutions of some of them
Saponin glycosides
94
Greek origin means sweet root
Also called licorice root
Dried rhizome and roots of glycyrrhiza glabra known as spanish licorice
G.glabra linne. Glandulifera known in commerce as russian licorice
Fabaceae
Other varieties ogG.glabra yield a yellow sweet wood
Glabr- smooth
Pod-like fruit species
Glycyrrhiza
95
Licorice uses
Demulcent and expectorant
Flavoring agent mask bitter drgs such as aloe ammonium chloride and quinine
Surfactant
Added to chewing gums chocolate and cigarettes
Added to beers for increased foaminess
Iparts bitter taste when added to beer stout porter
96
Saponin like glycosides
50 times as sweet as sugar
Hydrolysi the glycoside loses its sweet taste converted to aglycone glycyrrhetic cid plus 2 molecule of glucuronic acid
Patients with cardiac faiure should avoid
Glycyrrizin
97
A pentacyclic triterpine derivative of the b amyrin type
Used as anti inflammatory agent
Glycyrrhetic acid
98
Prepared by extracting coarsely ground licorice root ith warm water rendeering the extrative alkaline with NHOH conc an bringing to final volume with alcohol an water
It is a pharmaceutic aid
Glycyrrhiza fluidextract
