PDF - Language

Question 1

What is speech?

Answer 1

The production of audible sounds which may or may not be used to communicate
- Consists of phonation and articulation

Question 2

What is phonation?

Answer 2

Sound production using the vocal cords which is innervated by the vagus nerve

Question 3

What is articulation?

Answer 3

Sound production by actions and positions of lips tongue, palate, and pharynx which are innervated by VII, IX, X, and XII

Question 4

Word for abnormal articulation?

Answer 4

Dysarthria

Question 5

Name for abnormal phonation?

Answer 5

Dysphonia

Question 6

What is language?

Answer 6

Communication by symbols that is not limited to sounds

Question 7

Where are the language centers?

Answer 7

• Comprehension and expression of language are in the dominant hemisphere of the cerebral cortex
• Left is dominant in half left handed and almost all right handed

Question 8

Vascular supply of major language centers?

Answer 8

MCA

Question 9

What is aphasia?

Answer 9

Disorder of previously acquired language ability

Question 10

What is fluency?

Answer 10

Ease, facility, and quantity of speech regardless of content or meaning

Question 11

When is comprehension intact?

Answer 11

When verbal or written commands are followed

Question 12

When is repetition intact?

Answer 12

If a phrase can be perfectly repeated

Question 13

Lesion leading to imperfect repetition?

Answer 13

1. Perisylvian language center: Broca or Wernicke

2. Arcuate fasciculus connecting them

Question 14

What is a paraphasia?

Answer 14

Abnormal word or syllable substitution
- Common in lesions at posterior language center (Wernicke’s)
EG: “Open the ‘B’oor”, “The grass is ‘blue’”

Question 15

What is a neologism?

Answer 15

Most sever paraphasia: nonsensical or foreign sounding word

“That is a blastorate”

Question 16

Location of Broca and Wernicke?

Answer 16

Broca: anterior
Wernicke: posterior
- Connected by arcuate fasciculus

Question 17

Cause Broca’s?

Answer 17

Lesion in posterior inferior frontal lobe in dominant hemisphere

Question 18

What does a lesion in the posterior inferior frontal lobe in dominant hemisphere cause?

Answer 18

Broca’s

Question 19

Presentation Broca’s?

Answer 19

1. Fluency impaired: speaking effortful
   - Much time to say few words
2. Comprehension preserved: frustrated at deficit
3. Repetition is imperfect
   * *Often there is accompanying right hemiparesis

Question 20

Cause Wernicke’s?

Answer 20

Posterior, superior temporal lobe lesion in dominant hemisphere

Question 21

What does a posterior, superior temporal lobe dominant lesion cause?

Answer 21

Wernicke’s

Question 22

Presentation Wernicke’s?

Answer 22

1. Preserved fluency
   - Lots of words, make little sense
2. Comprehension impaired
   - Can cause paranoia
3. Repetition is imperfect
   * **Appear drunk, intoxicated, or crazy

Question 23

What does lesion in arcuate fasciculus cause?

Answer 23

Conductive aphasia

Question 24

Cause conductive aphasia?

Answer 24

Lesion in arcuate fasciculus

Question 25

Repetition in various types of aphasias?

Answer 25

Imperfect in all

Question 26

Presentation conductive aphasia?

Answer 26

1. Fluent 2. intermediate repetition 3. Intermediate comprehension

Question 27

Cause Global aphasia?

Answer 27

Large lesion damaging entire Perisylvian language center?

Question 28

Presentation Global aphasia?

Answer 28

Person is awake but unable to speak or understand | - Usually a severe hemiplegia is seen

Question 29

What is alexia?

Answer 29

Impairment in reading: can occur when visual cortex disconnected from language centers

Question 30

What is agraphia?

Answer 30

Inability to write: when motor cortex for dominant hand disconnected from language center

Question 31

What does non dominant language center take care of?

Answer 31

Prosody

Question 32

What is prosody?

Answer 32

Semantic and emotional parts of speech as conveyed in pitch, inflection, melody, and tone

Question 33

What is aprosodia?

Answer 33

Impairment of prosody: lesion in non dominant language hemisphere

Question 34

What is receptive aprosodia?

Answer 34

Lesion in non dominant Wernicke's area - Trouble interpreting other's prosody - Cannot mimic this aspect of others speech - Normal prosody and gesturing when they speak

Question 35

Lesion in non dominant posterior, inferior frontal lobe?

Answer 35

Expressive aprosodia