Pe Topic 2

Question 1

What are the 3 types of levers and an example of each?

Answer 1

1st Class – Fulcrum in the middle (e.g. neck when heading a football)
2. 2nd Class – Load in the middle (e.g. ankle when doing a calf raise)
3. 3rd Class – Effort in the middle (e.g. elbow during a bicep curl)

➡️ Most common in the body = 3rd class lever

Question 3

What are the three parts of a lever?

Answer 3

1. Fulcrum – joint
   
   2. Load – body weight or object moved
   3. Effort – force from muscle contraction

Mnemonic: FLE – 1st = Fulcrum middle, 2nd = Load middle, 3rd = Effort middle

Question 5

What is mechanical advantage in a lever?

Answer 5

• A lever with mechanical advantage can move large loads with less effort
• 2nd class levers have mechanical advantage

Question 6

What are the 3 planes of movement?

Answer 6

1. Sagittal – forward and backward (e.g. running)
   
   2. Frontal – side to side (e.g. star jumps)
   3. Transverse – rotation (e.g. discus throw)

Question 7

What are the 3 axes of movement?

Answer 7

Frontal axis – through belly (e.g. cartwheel)
2. Transverse axis – through hips (e.g. somersault)
3. Longitudinal axis – head to toe (e.g. spin in ice skating)

Question 8

Match the correct plane and axis for a movement.

Answer 8

Sagittal plane → Transverse axis (e.g. running)
• Frontal plane → Frontal axis (e.g. cartwheel)
• Transverse plane → Longitudinal axis (e.g. pirouette)

Question 9

Give a sporting example of a movement in the sagittal plane and transverse axis.

Answer 9

Running or a forward somersault in gymnastics.

Question 10

What lever system is used in a bicep curl?

Answer 10

Fulcrum = elbow
• Load = weight in hand
• Effort = biceps contracting

Question 11

Explain why a 2nd class lever has a mechanical advantage. (2 marks)

Answer 11

Load is between the effort and fulcrum (1)
• Allows a large load to be moved with a smaller effort (1)