peace & conflict: conflict

Question 1

just war theory

Answer 1

presumes that there are legitimate uses of war but also sets moral boundaries on the waging of war

Question 2

realist: can there be a just war?

Answer 2

N/A: war is a political act & needs no justification.
Politics exists outside the scope of ethics.

Question 3

liberal: can there be a just war?

Answer 3

YES: war can be justified if it conforms to certain moral principles

Question 4

pacifist: can there be a just war?

Answer 4

NO: war is an unnecessary evil that can never be justified.

Question 5

who is most associated with the just war theory?

Answer 5

St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)

Question 6

jus ad bellum

Answer 6

right to war

Question 7

jus in bello

Answer 7

right conduct in war

Question 8

6 criteria for just war theory

Answer 8

1. must have a just cause
2. must have a just intention
3. war must be declared by the govt of a country
4. it should be the last resort
5. must have a good chance of being successful and bringing about peace
6. Must be in proportion
   (The ends must justify the means. It should not kill too many people, especially if they are not involved in the fighting)

Question 9

6 criteria for jus in bello

Answer 9

1. Appropriate weapons should be used
2. Distinction between combatants and non combatants
3. Armed forces must use proportional force
4. Treat prisoners of war well
5. No weapons or means of war that are ‘evil in themselves’ are permitted
6. Armed forces are not justified in breaking these rules in response to the enemy
   breaking these rules.

Question 10

proportionality problem: jus ad bellum vs jus in bello

Answer 10

Jus Ad Bellum- Force must be proportional to the harm

Jus in Bello- Do not use more force than necessary to achieve aims.

What if the only way to achieve your aims - the force used - is unproportional to the harm?

Question 11

the geneva convention

Answer 11

• 1949
• provide an agreed-upon framework of legal protections to safeguard soldiers, civilians, and prisoners during wartime

Question 12

definition of conflict

Answer 12

Conflict is the dynamic process of actual or perceived opposition between individuals and groups. This could be opposition over positions, interests or values.

Question 13

Johan Galtung definition of conflict

Answer 13

conflict is “actors in pursuit of incompatible goals”

Question 14

2 ways to categorize conflict

Answer 14

1. by the actors who are involved
2. by the issue of contention

Question 15

Typology of Conflict- Parties Involved (5)

Answer 15

1. Inter-state conflict
2. Extra-state conflict
3. Internationalized internal conflict
4. Intra-state conflict-
5. Non-state armed conflict

Question 16

inter-state conflict

Answer 16

b/w two diff governments

Question 17

extra-state conflict

Answer 17

b/w foreign govt and non-state group

Question 18

Internationalized internal conflict

Answer 18

between government and internal opposition (supported by international intervention)

Question 19

intra-state conflict

Answer 19

between government and internal opposition

Question 20

non-state armed conflict

Answer 20

b/w two internal armed states (not govt of a state)

Question 21

Dr. Christopher Moore: 5 causes of conflict

Answer 21

1. relationship
2. data
3. interest
4. value
5. structural

Question 22

cyber attacks

Answer 22

Technology used to attack a countries infrastructure
- conflict: relationship, interest

Question 23

sanctions

Answer 23

Economic penalties used to change the behavior of a country
- conflict: value

Question 24

trade war

Answer 24

Tariffs and Quotas used for domestic economic growth or to punish another country.
- conflict: interest, data

Question 25

proxy war

Answer 25

Powerful countries indirectly fight one another by funding/opposing opposite sides - conflict: value, interest

Question 26

domestic destabilization

Answer 26

Supporting/arming opposition/separatists or terrorist groups - conflict: value, structural, relationship

Question 27

electoral interference

Answer 27

Influence elections to support their preferred candidate - conflict: value

Question 28

diplomatic dispute

Answer 28

Punish or isolate other governments by limiting or cutting off diplomatic relations - conflict: value, relationship

Question 29

environmental conflict

Answer 29

Manipulate shared ecosystems to either benefit themselves or harm their neighbors - conflict: interest, data

Question 30

war of secession

Answer 30

Conflict involving groups of people who want independence from their country - conflict: relationship, structural, interests

Question 31

war of succession

Answer 31

Conflicts involving groups of people seeking to overthrow and replace a country’s government or ruling authority. - conflict: relationship, interests, structural, value

Question 32

Violence waged by terrorist or criminal organizations

Answer 32

Conflicts involving terrorist or criminal organizations that commit acts of violence for political, ideological, or financial motivations - conflict: value, interests

Question 33

state-sanctioned violence

Answer 33

Conflicts involving the police, military, or other government group persecuting the country’s own citizens—often targeting those from a minority group. - conflict: structural, relationship, interests, value

Question 34

resource-driven conflict

Answer 34

Conflicts involving several groups vying to control and profit from a country’s natural resources. - conflict: interests

Question 35

IB causes of conflict

Answer 35

greed vs grievance, territorial control, material interest, resource scarcity, ideology, threatened identity, perception

Question 36

greed vs grievance

Answer 36

Greed- combatants in conflicts are motivated by opportunistic reasons. Grievance- people rebel over issues of inequality, discrimination, authoritarianism. Common factor: Perception of a certain deprivation - Deprivation caused by economics - Deprivation caused by identity

Question 37

who argued that GREED caused civil wars?

Answer 37

Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler - Combatants are motivated by improving their economic situation. - Cost-benefit analysis- the rewards of joining outweigh the rewards of not joining. - Conflict do not begin if they do not have the financing- whether through diaspora or acquisition of natural resources - States with low GDP are more likely to engage in a violent conflict because there is a potential to make money.

Question 38

criticisms with greed over grievance

Answer 38

There are many other factors that lead to interstate conflict - Ethnic struggles cause conflict (Hutus and Tutsi) - Separatist movements - Marginalization of different identity groups fails to explain - Why there are rebellions in non-resource areas. - Why some conflicts take longer to solve than others.

Question 39

Michael Brown "The Causes of Internal Conflict" (4)

Answer 39

1. structural factors (weak states, intra-state security concerns, ethnic geography) 2. economic/social factors (economic problems, discriminatory economic systems, modernization) 3. political factors (discriminatory political institutions, exclusionary national ideologies, elite politics) 4. cultural/perceptual factors (patterns of cultural discrimination, problematic group histories)

Question 40

elements of conflict analysis

Answer 40

Issues- What is the conflict about? Parties- Who is involved in the conflict? Relationships- What are the relationship between the parties? History- What is the history of the conflict? Styles- How have the parties chosen to deal with the conflict? Management- What is the history of the effort to manage the conflict?

Question 41

factors behind the decline of interstate war

Answer 41

Development of nuclear weapons (MAD) International alliances NATO IGOs like the UN- promote multilateral approaches Complex interdependence Democratic Peace Theory

Question 42

conditions that make conflict more likely

Answer 42

Little or no democratic means of dispute resolution; minorities excluded from political representation Wealth, territory or resources shared unequally and controlled by powerful elites Poverty Government is above the law, making arbitrary and illegitimate decisions Judicial system is absent or interfered with, not independent or fair Human rights are abused

Question 43

conditions making conflict less likely

Answer 43

Democratic institutions exist, with full political equality and participation Equal sharing of resources and wealth Equality of opportunity for all Government respects the rule of law Disputes can be resolved fairly through a fair and independent judicial system Respect for human rights (especially of minorities)