Pediatric Orthotics AI review

Question 1

What is the purpose of the Pavlik Harness? How is it managed?

Answer 1

• treatment of hip dysplasia
• The Harness needs adjustment for growth every 2-4 weeks by an orthotist.

Question 2

Define congenital scoliosis.

Answer 2

Malformation of spinal segments.

Question 3

What are the age categories for idiopathic scoliosis?

Answer 3

• Infantile: < 3 years of age
• Juvenile: 3-10 years
• Adolescence: > 10 years
• Adult: Generally if present in adolescence and now mature skeleton.

Question 4

What is degenerative scoliosis?

Answer 4

Usually > 40 years.

Question 5

What is the function of a TLSO in scoliosis treatment?

Answer 5

Three point pressure system to correct the curve(s).

Question 6

What are the expectations for scoliosis bracing?

Answer 6

• Brace to prevent progression of the scoliotic curve(s) during growth
• Curve will be corrected in the brace (50-90% daytime, 76% night time)
• Curve will be present when brace is removed.

Question 7

What types of orthoses are categorized under pediatric orthoses?

Answer 7

• Motion-controlling
• Motion-altering.

Question 8

accommodative devices in pediatric orthotics?

Answer 8

Less frequently required in this age group.

Question 9

What is the importance of material properties in pediatric orthotics?

Answer 9

Choose from a wide range of material properties, shell thicknesses and filler options while still achieving the desired goal of motion control.

Question 10

What is required for dynamic compensations for varus deformities?

Answer 10

Posting.

Question 11

What determines the amount of control a post provides in orthotics?

Answer 11

• Number of degrees the post is angled
• Stiffness or resistance to compression of the posting material
• Anterior-posterior length of the post
• Width of the post.

Question 12

What is overpronation?

Answer 12

An inward roll that causes a collapse in the arches that extends beyond the normal range of motion associated with pronation.

Question 13

List some predisposing risk factors for pediatric pronated foot.

Answer 13

• Ligamentous laxity
• Obesity
• Rotational and angular disorders.
• ankle equinus

Shells made of more rigid materials and/or increased thickness are the best choice for children who have ligamentous laxity

Question 14

What type of AFO is used to correct equinus gait patterns in children with spastic CP?

Answer 14

Solid or fixed polypropylene AFO.

Question 15

What is a disadvantage of the solid AFO?

Answer 15

Limitation of normal movement of the tibia forward over the weightbearing foot resulting in decreased ankle dorsiflexion.

Question 16

What is the function of hinged or articulated polypropylene AFO?

Answer 16

Allows the tibia to move forward over the weightbearing foot during stance resulting in a more normal ankle dorsiflexion.

Question 17

What do AFOs and HKAFOs stabilize?

Answer 17

Foot, ankle, and lower leg.

Question 18

How much do AFOs account for all orthotics used in the United States?

Answer 18

26 percent.

Question 19

What are some types of AFOs?

Answer 19

• Anti-Talus AFOs
• Rigid AFOs
• Tamarack Flexure Joint AFOs
• Solid AFOs
• Spiral AFOs
• Hemispiral AFOs
• Hinged AFOs
• Tone-Reducing AFOs
• Posterior Leaf Spring AFOs.

Question 20

What components do HKAFOs use to help position a person upright?

Answer 20

• Bands
• Belts
• Pelvic girdles
• Knee-ankle orthotics.

Question 21

What strength is required for locked ankle adaptations?

Answer 21

Good Quad strength.

Question 22

Fill in the blank: The _______ AFO is designed to assist in plantar flexion.

Answer 22

[Poly AFO].

Question 23

What adaptations can be made for hinged ankles?

Answer 23

• Open dorsiflexion
• Dorsiflexion stop
• Dorsiflexion assist.
• Plantar flexion stop
• Plantar flexion assist.

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Question 24

What does AFO stand for?

Answer 24

Ankle Foot Orthoses

Question 25

What does SMO stand for?

Answer 25

Supra-Malleolar Orthosis

Question 26

Which orthosis provides more control in the sagittal plane?

Answer 26

AFO

Question 27

What is a Pullover AFO indicated for?

Answer 27

* Pronation * Low muscle tone (Hypotonia) * Mild-hemiplegia * Drop foot * Weakened dorsiflexors * Sagittal plane instability

Question 28

What is the purpose of a Solid Ankle AFO with pre-tibial shell?

Answer 28

Designed to prevent dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Question 29

What effect does the 'ground reaction' have in a Solid Ankle AFO?

Answer 29

Helps to push the knee into extension during weight bearing

Question 30

What are the functions of a Floor Reaction AFO?

Answer 30

* Maintain affected joints in proper alignment * Accent knee extension at midstance * Compensate for weak or absent gastroc soleus (calf) muscles

Question 31

How does a Floor Reaction AFO place the extension force?

Answer 31

Closer to the knee than other AFOs

Question 32

What condition is a Floor Reaction AFO suited for?

Answer 32

Cerebral palsy 'crouch gait' - Knee instability

Question 33

What is the function of a Floor Reaction AFO during the stance phase?

Answer 33

Apply knee extension moment to prevent knee buckling and excessive flexion

Question 34

In which condition might FRAFOs be more favorable than HAFOs?

Answer 34

Children with spastic diplegia

Question 35

True or False: AFOs are primarily used to provide stability in the frontal plane.

Answer 35

False

Question 36

What is a Hinge AFO indicated for?

Answer 36

Indicated for: * Low muscle tone (Hypotonia) * High muscle tone (Hypertonia) * Flexible pronation or supination * Poor proprioceptive awareness * Sagittal and/or frontal plane weakness * Excessive plantarflexion ## Footnote Hinge AFO is designed to provide support in various conditions affecting muscle tone and alignment

Question 37

What conditions indicate the use of an Advanced AFO?

Answer 37

Indicated for: * Low muscle tone (Hypotonia) * Joint hypermobility * Delayed standing * Inability to stand for prolonged times * Pronation ## Footnote Advanced AFO is utilized for more complex issues related to stability and standing

Question 38

Fill in the blank: Hinge AFO is used for excessive _______.

Answer 38

plantarflexion

Question 39

True or False: An Advanced AFO can be used for high muscle tone (Hypertonia).

Answer 39

False

Question 40

What is poor proprioceptive awareness an indication for?

Answer 40

Indication for Hinge AFO ## Footnote Poor proprioceptive awareness can lead to difficulties in balance and coordination

Question 41

Fill in the blank: An Advanced AFO is indicated for joint _______.

Answer 41

hypermobility

Question 42

What type of muscle tone does an Advanced AFO support?

Answer 42

Low muscle tone (Hypotonia) ## Footnote This support is crucial for individuals who struggle with maintaining posture and balance

Question 43

What is the purpose of Sure Step SMOs?

Answer 43

To provide support for low muscle tone and improve foot alignment ## Footnote SMOs (Supra-Malleolar Orthoses) are designed for children with specific foot and ankle issues.

Question 44

What does the term 'low muscle tone' refer to?

Answer 44

Reduced muscle tension and strength ## Footnote This condition can affect motor skills and coordination.

Question 45

What are the types of foot pronation mentioned?

Answer 45

Heel, arch, forefoot ## Footnote Pronation refers to the inward roll of the foot during normal motion.

Question 46

What should be added if there are rotation problems?

Answer 46

De rotation straps ## Footnote These straps help to control and correct rotational deformities.

Question 47

In which population are Double Adjustable AFOs more commonly seen?

Answer 47

Adult population ## Footnote AFOs (Ankle-Foot Orthoses) are used for various conditions affecting adults.

Question 48

What is the role of closed chain biomechanics?

Answer 48

To stabilize and control movements during weight-bearing activities ## Footnote Closed chain exercises involve the distal segment being fixed.

Question 49

What does a Dorsi Flexion Stop do?

Answer 49

Promotes knee flexion ## Footnote This mechanism helps in achieving a more natural gait.

Question 50

What is the purpose of a Plantar Flexion Stop?

Answer 50

To prevent thrust of tibia ## Footnote This stop limits excessive forward movement of the tibia.

Question 51

What modification can be made to assist with dorsi flexion in AFOs?

Answer 51

Remove posterior screw and place a spring ## Footnote This change allows for better assistance in dorsi flexion.

Question 52

What is the function of the sock worn with a brace?

Answer 52

Acts as a barrier between brace and skin to improve comfort ## Footnote It helps manage perspiration and friction.

Question 53

Which type of socks work best with braces?

Answer 53

Tube Socks ## Footnote Tube socks provide a comfortable fit and coverage.

Question 54

What shoe size adjustment may be necessary for users of AFOs?

Answer 54

One to two sizes larger or wider ## Footnote This adjustment accommodates the bulk of the AFO.

Question 55

Name one brand of shoes that accommodates AFOs.

Answer 55

Nike Fly Ease ## Footnote These shoes are designed for easier access and fit.

Question 56

List three other shoe brands mentioned.

Answer 56

Billys, Merrels, Ikiki ## Footnote These brands offer various options for users of orthotics.

Question 57

What is one type of footwear mentioned that is suitable for AFO users?

Answer 57

Plae Shoes ## Footnote Plae shoes are known for their adjustable fit.

Question 58

What is an example of easy-to-wear footwear for AFO users?

Answer 58

Converse Chuck Taylor Easy Slip Shoes ## Footnote These shoes provide a convenient option for those needing assistance.

Question 59

What do twister bars control

Answer 59

hip IR/ER