Review: Child Development Flashcards
(44 cards)
1
Q
What is the developmental sequence
A
- physiologic flexion
- prone/POE
- head control
- rolling
- crawling (commando crawling first)
- sitting
- kneeling/0.5 kneeling
- standing/walking
2
Q
Developmental stages
A
- premature
- neonate: 0-4 weeks
- infant
- toddler
- child
- adolescent
- young adult
- adult
- throughtout the lifespean
3
Q
Describe motor development and what can mold it?
A
- growth and development of preterm infants follows variable motor paths
- motor development is molded by complex psycho social-cultural factors in the biological background of preterm infants
- fetus newborn and young infant have general movements: movements with great complexity and variation in which all body parts are involved
quality of life in the womb can make you more susceptible to conditions
4
Q
Developmental theories
Reflex theory
A
- the basis of movement is the summation of reflexes
- all movements are responding to the environment
- sensory information causes movement
5
Q
What are some uses of reflex theory
A
- testing reflexes in adults and developmental or primitive reflexes in children
- PNF proprioceptive neuromuslcar facilitation is based of reflexes
6
Q
Hierarchial theory
A
- Top down model
- higher levels of CNS control the lower levels
- CNS controls peripheral movements
- Brain controls the SC which controls the PNS
7
Q
Uses of Hierarchial theory
A
- stages of motor control
- mobility
- stability
- dynamic postural control
- skill - Developmental sequence occurs prone to standing
- development occurs
- cephalo to caudal
- proximal to distal
- gross to fine control
- total body movements (one unity) to dissociated movements (EX: upper body and lower body can move independently)
8
Q
Motor Program theory
A
- we have genetically-based internal programs for movement
- central pattern generators: internal systems that allow for movements such as walking (these are automatic and are not taught)
- learning patterns that transfer to many conditions
9
Q
Dynamic systems theory
A
- motor control is the result of the interdependence (dependence of 2 or more things) of many internal and external systems
- motor behavior is the result of interaction between the individual, environment, and task
- EX: you will move differently when you are walking due to being late
10
Q
Dynamic systems uses
A
- interaction between visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive systems for balance/movement
- changes in gait or movement with injury or illness
- task-oriented approach of rehab
11
Q
Perceptive-action theory and ecological theory
A
- in order to move there is a goal such as hunger
- internal or external goal or stimulant
- there is an internal model which links perception and action
- how we move depends on the environment
12
Q
Neural Maturation theory
A
- development
- pre-determined hierarchical system/pre-determined way to move
- control of reflexes leads to more refined movement
- spiral development: flexion/extension and symmetry/asymmetry
13
Q
Cognitive behaviorism theory
A
- environment shapes motor and cognitive development
- stimulation from environment is necessary for development to occur
14
Q
Neuronal group selection
A
- functional circuits of neuronal activities
- practice strengthens some connections and weakens others
- parallel and reciprocal connections unique to each individual
15
Q
Embodied mind concept
A
- link between what we know and what our bodies can do
- action and perception are needed for brain development
- functional tasks are completed by selecting from available neuronal options
16
Q
Systems Theory
A
- body is a system with multiple degrees of freedom
- hierarchical control of muscle synergies
- muscles work together for movements
17
Q
Uncontrolled manifold hypothesis
A
- Use synergies to define a coordination pattern
- in any synergy there are multiple possibilities which will all result in some degree of accuracy
- practice helps to select the best combination of movements
- EX: how much each muscle will contract can affect the movement
18
Q
Children with neurological damage will have
A
- a commond denominator of prolonged neonatal reflexes
- repetition of these reflexes seems to eventually inhibit them.
- parents can work with the infant by assisting with the repetition of persistance reflexes
19
Q
What happens if the reflex is absent or abnormal in infants
A
- the may suggest significant neurological problems and is a symptom not a disorder
20
Q
Where are the primitive reflexes controlled
A
- the brainstem
- lower level control
21
Q
Primary reflex system vs secondary system
A
normal development
- the primary reflex system is inhibited or transformed in the 1st year of life and a secondary or postural reflex system emerges
- the secondary system forms the basis for later adult coordinated movement
22
Q
What are potential factors that can cause retained primitive reflexes
A
- trauma during pregnancy, during and or after birth
- exposure to toxins, drugs, toacco in utero
- stroke in utero or infants
- caesarean section delivery
- premature birth
- prolonged jaundice
- problems with feeding within the first 6 months of life
- developmental motor delays
- minimal floor time as an infant
23
Q
Signs of retained primitive reflexes
see these = test reflexes
A
- w-sit: key sign for hypotonia/retained primitive reflexes
- bedwetting after age 5
- sensory overload
- visual tracking issues: sign = ball coming toard them and they cannot get the ball
- poor attention and focus
- trouble with emotional regulation
24
Q
What are the symptoms of retained primitive reflexes
A
- anxiety
- motion sickness
- clumsy
- poor hand-eye coordination
- poor right/left discriminiation after the age of 8
- challenges with reading at age level
- poor handwriting at age level
- low muscle tone
- diagnosis of autism
- early diagnosis of ADHD
- decreased coordination with sporting activites
- challenges ith sequencing
- w-sitting and toe walking
- challenges sitting still
- bedwetting past age 7
- poor short-term memory
- hypersensitivity to sound, touch, movement
- speech and articulation challenges
- picky eating and/or oral motor challenges
- challenges with fine motor tasks at age level
25
# Moro reflex
Purpose:
age appears:
age integrates:
* Purpose: fight or flight reaction, sympathetic NS response
* age appears: birth
* age integrates: 2-4 months
26
# Rooting reflex
Purpose:
age appears:
age integrates:
* Purpose: Autonomic response to locate food and breast
* age appears: birth
* age integrates: 3-4 months
27
# Rooting reflex
Sign of retention
- anterior tongue tie
- thumb sucking
- oral hypersensitivty
- poor eating
- speech and articulation problems
- swallowing and chewing deficits
28
# Palmar grasp reflex
Purpose:
age appears:
age integrates:
* Purpose: Autonomic flexion of the fingers to grab when the palm is stimulated
* age appears: birth
* age integrates:3-6 months
29
# Palmar grasp reflex
Signs of retention
- poor manual dexterity
- deficits with pencil grip
- poor visual coordination
- poor posture during hand writting
- poor writing skills
- correlated speech and hand movements
- dysfunction of the tactile and proprioceptive sensory systems
30
# Asymmetric tonic neck reflex
Purpose:
age appears:
age integrates:
* Purpose: Assists with movement through the birth canal at delivery and its important for cross pattern movements
* age appears: birth
* age integrates: 6 months
31
# ATNR
Signs of retention
- decreased hand eye coordination
- poor handwritting
- uncoordinated gait
- poor balance
- poor visual motor skills and tracking
- problems with math and reading
- difficulty crossing midline
32
# Spinal Galant reflex
Purpose:
age appears:
age integrates:
* Purpose: important during the birthing process and helps to facilitate movement of the hips during descending the birthing canal
* age appears: birth
* age integrates: 3-9 months
33
# Spinal galant reflex
Signs of retention
- postural issues like scoliosis
- misaligned or rotated pelvis
- pain in lower back
- bedwetting after potty training
- hyperactivity
- attention and concentration issues
- decreased endurance
- chronic digestive issues
- decreased lower body coordination
- pain and tension in legs
34
# Tonic labyrinthine reflex
Purpose:
age appears:
age integrates:
* Purpose: foundational for postual stability for large muscle groups
* age appears: in utero
* age integrates: 3.5 years
35
# Tonic labyrinthine reflex
signs of retention
- decreased balance
- poor spatial awareness
- toe walking
- hypermobility of joints
- weak muscles
- poor posture
- motion sickness
- poor ability to climb
- atypical head position (forward or to the side)
36
# Landau reflex
Purpose:
age appears:
age integrates:
* Purpose: necessary for postural development
* age appears: 4-5 months
* age integrates: 1 year
## Footnote
*a normal reflex in infants that involves raising their head and arching their back when held horizontally in the air*
37
# landau reflex
signs of retention
- poor posture and muscle tone
- summersaults are challenging
- poor coordination for activities that require upper body and lower body to move together
- delayed motor development
38
# Symmetric tonic neck reflex
Purpose:
age appears:
age integrates:
* Purpose: foundational for crawling
* age appears: 6-9 months
* age integrates: 9-11 months
## Footnote
when a baby or young child flexes their neck (looks down), their arms bend and their legs straighten, while when they extend their neck (look up), their arms straighten and their legs bend
39
# Symmetric tonic neck reflex
signs of retention
- poor posture in standing
- poor seated posture
- ape-like walk
- low muscle tone
- w-sitting common
- sloppy/messy eater
- poor hand-eye coordination
40
What happens when moro is not inhibited
- Hypersensitivity/hyperreactivity
- poor balance and coordination
- poor impulse control
- Stimulus bound effect – cannot ignore peripheral stimuli to focus attenion on one thing
- sesnory overload
- anxiety – particularly anticipation anxiety
- labile emotions
- emotion and social immaturity
- car sickness
41
Head control
- crucial skill which is the foundation for all later movement
- able to lift her head at about a month old
- hold it up when placed in a sitting position at around 4 months
- should be strong and steady by 6 months
- delayed head control could be linked to autism
42
How to use Milestones
- average time of skill
- ranges not absolute ages
- can vary 2-3 months in either direciton
- when areas of development show 25-33% delay (when most children are given services)
- quality of movements
- does not measure intelligence (just tests their movement)
43
Neuronal group selection theory
- Complex continuous interaction between information from the genetic script and environment
- early intervention should focus on the provision of variable sensorimotor experiences
- interventions should be creating a familiar, playful setting with positive feedback
- if the sensory system is impaired – motor system will be affected
44
Development and theories
- NGST and dynamic systems theory share the opinion that motor development
- is a non linear process with phases of transition that is affected by many factors
- acknowledge the impirtance of experience and the relevance of context
