Pediatrics Flashcards
Type I HSR
IgE mediated
anaphylaxis
type II HSR
cytotoxic, antibody mediated
HA
type III HSR
serum sickness
type IV HSR
delayed T cell mediated rxn
conjunctivitis timeline of newborn
immediate - chemical
2-7 days - gonoccal
7-14 days chlamydia
tx of gonoccocal conjuctovitis
ceftriaxone
tx of chlamydia conjuctivitis
oral erythromycin
Necrotizing fascitis
symptoms that are out of proportion compared to the PE
PKU
AR
deficiency in phenylalinine hydroxylase
mental retardation
CF
AR thick mucous nasal polyps pseudomonas recurrent URIs pancreatic insufficiency
MC skull fractures
linear - depression can cause further cortical damage
caput succedaneum
crosses the midline
swelling of the soft tissues of the scalp
cephalohematoma
subperiosteal hemorrhage
does NOT CROSS the suture lines
causes of polyhydramnios
werdig hoffman syndrome - cant swallow
intestinal atresias (dbl bubble)
diaphragmatic hernia
bowel sounds in the chest
air fluid lvels are seen on CXR
concave abd
barrel shaped chest
associated with polyhydramnios
ophalocele
link to edwards trisomy 18
intestines with sac covering
increased AFP on screening
due to the failure of the GI sac to retreat at 10-12 wks gestation
umbilical hernia
associated with congenital hypothyroidism
weakness of rectus abdominus
allows protrusion of vessels and bowel
most spontaneously resolve
gastroschisis
intestines outside abdomen without sac
usually lateral to midline
tx- sx intervention - aggressive reintroduction of bowels –> infarction of bowel
causes of elevated AFP
neural tube defects
abdominal wall defects
MCC - incorrect dating
nephroblastoma
wilms tumor
large palpable abdominal mass
aniridia - absence of iris
hemihypertrophy of 1 kidney due to increased vascular demand
tx chemo
WAGR syndrome
chromsome 1 deletion
wilms tumor
aniridia
genitourinary malformations
retardation
neuroblastoma
MC of cancer in infancy
extracranial solid malignancy
blue spots in eyes
cross midline
CT calcification
dx of neuroblastoma
increased VMA
increased Metanephrines
(similar to pheochromocytoma)
hydrocele
painless swollen fluid filled sac
transluminates
remnant of tunica vaginalis
self resolving typically
varicocele
bag of worms
swelling of pampiniform plexus
heaviness in scrotum
cryptochordism
absence of 1 testicle usually found in inguinal canal
must be removed to prevent cancer risk (after 1yr)
hypospadies
urethra found on ventral surface of penis (bottom)
associated with inguinal hernias and cryptochordism
Circumcision = C/I
epispadies
opening of urethra dorsal (top)
associated with urinary incontinence and bladder exstrophy
TOF
chromosome 22 deletion pulmonary stenosis rvh overriding aorta vsd
tet spells
TOF - kids squat to increase preload - increases svr - decreases R>L shunting - increases pulmonary blood flow - which increases blood O2 saturation.
types of holosystolic murmurs
mitral regurgitation
vsd
tricuspid regurgitatioin
pda
transposition of great vessels
maternal DM kids
MC cyanotic lesion during neonatal period
aorta and pulmonary artery switched
requires PDA to stay alive - prostaglandin E1 to keep it open
CXR of transposition of great vessels and auscultation
egg on a string
s2 heard
causes of otitis media
viral - adenovirus
bacterial - strep pneumonia, h influenza , m catarrhalis
child received 5% dextrose in water for a prolonged period of time and has seizure, whats the cause
hyperosmotic hyponatremia
point tenderness of a joint
increased uptake by bone scan
increased ESR
dx = ?
osteomyeletis
lens shaped cranial hemorrhage
epidural hematoma
BUN to creatine ratio greater then 15:1
acute renal failure
pt with abdominal cramps relieved by BMs and arthritis
Ulcerative Colitis - manifests with GI and arthritic symptoms
reducing substance in urine
jaundice
poor weight gain
neonatal period
dx = ?
galactosemia
anemia
target cells
MCV <70
asian
dx = ?
thalessemia
decreased synthesis of globulin chains
DKA TX
IVF first then insulin
antibodies to proteus vulgaris = what test
weil felix test which is for ricketssia
borrelia = what type of organism
spirochete
atelectasis hyperinflation recurrent resp problems infancy hyperexpanded chest clubbing
dx = ?
cystic fibrosis
digital clubbing differential
cystic fibrosis
malignancy
R>L Shunt
brown urine after a cold 1-2 days after
IgA nephropathy
features of cor pulmonale
peripheral edema raised jvp loud S2 right sided heave pulsatile liver hepatomegaly
absence of cremasteric reflex
unilateral testicular pain
testicular torsion
young boy recurrent bacterial infections from encapsulated organisms (otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonias)
small lymphoid tissue
brutons
XLA
felt syndrome
rheumatoid arthritis
splenomegaly
neutropenia
anemia of chronic disease
diarrhea causes what metabolic disorder
metabolic acidosis - losing bicarb
gait ataxia
bilateral papilledemea
abducens palsy in a kid
dx = ?
medullobastoma
majority occur in the cerebellar vermis - truncal ataxia
block 4th ventricle - > hydrocephalus
oropharyngeal candidiasis tx
nystatin
invasive fungal tx
intestinal candidiasis tx
topical mupirocin treats
impetigo
MCC of hypothyrodisim in infants
thyroid dysgenesis - appear normal at birth but gradually develop apthy, weakness hypotonia and large tongue
mechanisms behind hashimotos
lymphocytic thyroiditis
large dense consolidation and fixed effusion on cxr - what bug
description = abscess caused by old pna now staph causing abscess plus new pna
tricuspid atresia
left ventricular hypoplasia LAD mitral valve atresia absent pulses with a single s2 increased RV impulse gray cyanosis
truncus arteriousus
1st few days of life severe dyspnea early and frequent infections single S2 heard systolic ejection murmur bounding peripheral pulses
CXR of truncus arteriosus
cardiomegaly with increased pulmonary markings
VSD
dyspnea with resp distress
loud pulmonic S2
high pitched holosystolic murmur over the L sternal border
apical diastolic rumble - increased flow across mitral valve
CXR of VSD
increased vascular markings
complications of VSD
pulmonary HTN
CHF
ASD
Fixed wide splitting of S2
systolic ejection murmur at Left upper sternal border
complications of ASD
dysrhythmias
perodoxical emboli from DVT
PDA
machine like murmur
wide pulse pressure
bounding bulses
complications of PDA
recurrent resp infections and infective endocardatitis (MC complication)
EKG presentation of a PDA
LVH secondary to increased systemic resistance
presentation of coarctation of the aorta
severe CHF and resp distress within first few months of life
LE and UE pulses vary
presentation of prolonged QT syndrome
hearing loss
syncope
normal vital signs
normal PE
Tx of prolonged QT syndrome
metoprolol
Rheumatic heart disease
complication of rheumatic fever
mitral stenosis - MC
major criteria for rheumatic fever
migratory polyarthritis carditis erythema marginatum subcutaneous nodule chorea
minor criteria for rheumatic fever
fever antecedent strep infection arthralgias elevated ESR prolonged PR Interval heat block on EKG
criteria needed to dx rheumatic fever
2 major
or
1 major and 2 minor
when is hyperbilirubinemia pathologic
day 1 of life
increase of 5mg/day
above 19.5 in term child
direct bili above 2mg at ANY time
complications of hyperbilirubinemia
kernicterus - hypotonia seizures hearing loss choreoarthritis
choanal atresia
blue when feeding
pink when crying
resp distress caused by the: buccopharyngeal membrane - between the nostrils and pharyngeal space
esophageal atresia
esophagus ends in blind pouch
recurrent ASPIRATION PNA early on
vomiting with 1st feed
choking/coughing
cyanosis
dx of esophageal atresia
coiling of the NG tube
gastric air bubble
esophageal air bubble
pyloric stenosis
1-6 month old BOY typically
NONbilious PROJECTILE vomit
hypochloremic hypokalemic metabolic ALKALOSIS
dx of pyloric stenosis
olive sign - palpable mass epigastric
abd US - string sign (barium leaking thru)
tx of pyloric stenosis
1) IVF and electrolytes
2) NGT decompress the bowel
3) Sx
best initial step for choanal atresia
pass the NGT tube
then secure airway
CHARGE accroynm
coloboma of eye, CNS heart defects atresia of choanae retardation genital and lower urinary tract issues ear anomalies
duodenal atresia
down syndrome
double bubble on CXR
no resp distress
BILIOUS VOMITING
best first step for duodenal atresia
IVF
hirschsprung disease basics
congenital lack of innervation of distal bowl by the auerbach plexus
constant contracture of muscle tone
hirschsprung disease presentation
DOES NOT pass meconium within 48 hrs
large bowel obstruction
tight rectal sphincter
+ squirt sign
if older child - hx of constipation and poor weight gain
dx of hirschsprung dz
X-Ray - distended bowel loops with lack of air in the rectum
biopsy with lack of ganglion cells
VACTERL
Vertebral anomalies Anal atresia Cardiovascular abnormalies TEF Esophageal atresia Renal anomalies Limb anomalies
volvulus
bowel obstruction leading to loop of bowel twisted on itself
vomiting + colicky abd pain
complications sepsis/necrosis
dx of volvulus
Upper GI series - multiple air fluid levels
intussusception definition and causes
telescoping of bowel into another
causes: polyps, hard stool, lymphoma, virus, rotavirus vaccine, HENOCH SCHLOEN PURPURA
odd complication of henoch schloen purpura
intussusception
presentation of intussusception
colicky abd pain INTERMITTENT
bilious vomiting
RQ sausage shaped mass
currant jelly stools
dx of intussusception
US - dough sign or target sign (concentric alternating mucosa and submucosa bands)
Barium Enema or air Enema are both dx and tx
tx steps for intussusception
1) IVF
2) NGT decompress bowel
3) Barium or air Enema
4) Sx if needed
meckel diverticulum
only true diverticulum
vitelline duct persists in small intestine tract
presentation of meckel diverticulum
painless rectal bleeding 2y/o M typically (rule of 2’s)
- bleeding is from gastric acid secretion from ectopic tissue
dx of meckel diverticulum
techenium 99 scan
Rotavirus diarrhea
MC winter months Fever, emesis, NO BLOOD < 7 days viral prodrome
adenovirus diarrhea
year round fever emesis NO BLOOD <7 days viral prodrome
norwalk virus diarrhea
epidemic
EXPLOSIVE diarrhea
cramping pain
short lived = 1-2 days
timeline of Fever and Rash in measles and rubella
Measles = fever + rash
Rubella = fever —> –> Rash
Necrotizing enterocolitis
premie infants who have blood in stool
low birth weight
vomiting and abd distension
bacteria invade intestinal wall
dx of NEC
ABD x-ray - pneumatosis intestinalis or AIR in the bowel
air in the portal vein on CT
tx of NEC
1) Feedings stopped - REST BOWELS
2) IV fluids
3) NGT for bowel decompression
4) sx if needed
antidote to methhemoglobin
methylene blue - acts as an electron acceptor for NADPH and is reduced to a substance that then in turn –>
reduces methemoglobin back to hemoglobin
new born with large posterior fontanelle large tongue hypotonia nml agpar scores nml pregnancy and delivery
cause = ?
thyroid dysfunction
tx of afib in a newborn
ice pack to chest
then adenosine
fresh newborn hours old with cyanosis of arms and legs feeding well no distress cap refill time delayed low body temp bradycardia
dx = ? tx = ?
neonatal hypothermia
place under warming lights
scaly puritic rash on flexor surfaces in a kid
occurs during episodes of resp distress and wheezing
dx = ? tx = ?
atopic dermatitis (eczema)
tx:
emolients (petrolatum or aquaphor)
topical steroids
triamcinolone
betamethasone valerate
what type of shunting do you see in a PDA
left –> right shunt allows blood from systemic circulation to the pulmonary circulation
pulmonary blood flow is excessive
prominent apical impulse
at what age do you start worrying about puberty in female and male
15 years old
serous otitis media
middle ear effusion without the evidence of acute infection
dull (blueish grey) TM that is hypo mobile
MOA of post strep glomerulonephritis
type III HSR
antigen antibody immune commplexes
Timeline if IgA nephropathy h
1-2 days after URI
Volvulus dx
corkscrew appearance on KUB
C diff presentation
s/p abx use and occasionally can be bloody (rare)
fever
abd pain
BUN: Cr greater than 20:1
prerenal injury
- decreased renal perfusion
direct hyperbilirubinemia
> 20% of total bili
decreased excretion of bilirubin
indirect hyperbilirubinemia
decreased conjugation of bilirubin
hepatic enzyme deficiency
increased production of bilirubin
pale stools are caused by
obstructive jaundice
increased direct bilirubin
4 month old with increased BP right > left pronounced S2 precordial heave hepatomegaly RVH RAD wheezing occasionally heard
dx = ?
bronchopulmonary dysplasia
leads to pulmonary HTN
- hepatomegaly
- edema RVH
dx of PSGN
elevated ASO abs
decreased C3 concentration in plasma
pedal edema
Sequela of PSGN
nothing full recovery without any complications
VSD on PE
4/6 holosytolic murmur with thrill heard along the left sternal boarder
P2 is accentuated
2/6 mid diastolic murmur is heard at the apex
tx of chemical ingestion
stabilize airway
fiberoptic endoscopy (see damage)
17 alpha hydroxylase def
increased aldosterone and cortisol
decreased K+
decreased sex hormones
HTN
nml girls
boys - pseudohermaphrodism
21 hydroxylase def
decreased cortisol and aldosterone
increased K+
increased sex hormones
girls - virilized
boys - nml
legg calve perthes dz
avascular necrosis of the femoral head
painless limp
2-8 y/o
nml weight
dx and tx of legg calve perthes
dx - x-ray joint effusion and widening
tx - NSAIDS and rest
slipped capital femoral epiphysis
and risk
adolecents 10-15
OBESE
painful limp
externally rotated
tx of slipped capital femoral
internal fixation with pinning
2 sources of milk that are low on Vit D
goats milk and breast milk
lead poisoning
vomiting, abd pain
fatigue
loss of appetitie
decreased sleep
path behind Osgood Schlatter
repeated knee extensions leading to microalvusions of the tibial tubercle
ewing sarcoma
onion skinning - lytic lesions causing laminar peristeal elevation
midshaft
systemic symptoms
local pain and swelling
osteosarcoma
sunburst pattern - sclerotic destruction
metaphysis of long bones
increased alk phos
local pain and swelling
osteoid osteoma
round central lucency with a sclerotic margin
adolescent boy
proximal femur site - worst at night
unrelated to activity
NSAIDS will spontaneously resolve
tx for neonatal sepsis order
IVF
cultures
ampicillin and gentamicin
causes of early neonatal sepsis
e coli
listeria
causes of late neonatal sepsis
e coli
GBS
presentation of toxoplasmosis
chorioretinitis
hydrocephalus
multiple ring enhancing lesions
dx and tx of toxoplasmosis
dx - (initial) increased IgM to toxo , PCR (most accurate)
tx - pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine
syphilis presentation of a neonate
desquamation of the palms and soles
frontal bossing
sniffles
rubella presentation
fever –> –> rash
sensoneuronal deafness
PDA
cataracts
hepatomegaly
blueberry muffin rash
hyperbilirubunemia
thrombocytopenia
CMV presentation
periventricular calcifications with microcephaly
chorioretinitis
petechiae
varicella presentation
vesicles on an erythematous base
START on face
possible fever and malaise
rubeola (measles) presentation
4’Cs - cough, conjuctivities, coryza (stuffy/running nose), C(k)oplik spots (buccal surface)
cephalocaudal spread
5th dz or erythema infectiosum presentation
parvob19
fever and URI –> –> slapped cheek rash
complication of 5th disease
aplastic anemia
Herpes 6 roseola presentation
HIGH fever –> goes away –> diffuse lacy rash
mumps presentation
fever that precedes parotid gland swelling
complications of mumps
orchitis
aseptic meningitis
scarlet fever presentation 3-6 days
fever pharyngitis SANDPAPER rash strawberry tongue cervical lympadenopathy
kawasakis disease presentation
FEVER >5 days mucositis conjuctivitis rash edema of hands and feet cervical lympadenopathy
complication of kawasakis dz and tx
complication - coronary artery aneursym
tx - IV Ig and aspirin
malignant otitis externa
exquisite otalgia and otorrhea
retropharyngeal abscess
decreased ROM of neck and jaw
muffled voice
younger kid 4years old
fever dysphagia
lateral neck soft tissue x-ray - widened prevertebral space
croup presentation
parainfleunza virus
barking cough inspiratory stridor difficulty breathing while lying flat signs of hypoxia hoarse voice
tx of croup
mild .- steroids
mod-severe = racemic epinephrine
epiglottis
due to H influenza type B (unvaccinated kid)
fever
QUICK ONSET
muffled voice/ drooling
TRIPOD position/refusal to lie flat - hyperextended neck
whooping cough - bordetella pertussis
catarrhal stage - severe congestion and rhinorrhea (14 days)
paroxysmal stage - severe coughing episodes with vomiting, gasp for air, inspiratory wheeze (14-30 days)
convalescent stage - decrease freq of coughing (14 days)
tx of pertussusis for pt and close contacts
macrolide for close contacts
erythromycin or azithrymycin during catarrhal stage or with kids IV Ig
pharyngitis presentation
cervical adenopathy
petechiae
fever >104
Diptheria
membranous inflammation of the pharynx
gray highly vascular pseudomembranous plaques on a pharyngeal wall
DO NOT SCRAPE
tx of diptheria
antitoxin
riboflavin vit b2 def
anuglar cheilosis stomatitis glossitis normocytic anemia seborrhic dermatitis
vit b6 pyridoxine def
peripheral neuropathy
vit D toxicity
increased Ca2+
polyuria
polydipsia
von gierkes dz
glucose 6 phosphatase deficiency
liver hepatomegaly
ketotic hypoglycemia
ketones
increased TGLs and Uric Acid
Doll Face adn thin extremeties
tay sachs
hexosaminidase A def increased gangliosides cherry red macula mental retardation seizures
lysosome onion whorled membrane
gaucher dz
beta glucoererbrosidase def
hepatosplenomegaly
aseptic necrosis of femur head
fabry dz
alpha galactosidase A def
x-linked
peripheral neuropathy
nieman pick dz
cherry red macula
neurodegeneration
hepatosplenomegaly
increased sphingomyelin
metachromatic leukodystrophy
arysulfatase A def
dymelination with ataxia and dementia
patient with subcutaneous emphysema secondary to severe coughing paraxysms what is the first test done
CXR in order to rule out pneumothorax
what can cause methemoglobuniemia
exposure to oxidizing substances
dapsone
nitrites (meats)
local/topical anesthetic
presentations of methemoglobunemia
cyanosis
pulse Ox 85%
dark chocolate blood
saturation gap between pulse ox and PaO2 >5% on ABG
decrease O2 delivery to peripheral tissues - supp O2 does not help
blue green discoloration of blood and mucocutaneous surfaces
cause = ?
sulfhemoglobinemia - exposure to sulfur meds such as:
sumatriptan
sulfasalazine
antidotes for lead poisoning
dimercaprol
EDTA
tx of ethylene glycol or methanol ingestion
fomepizole - inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase - preventing the metabolism of these alcohols to their toxic metabolites
antidote for beta blockers
glucagon - activates adenylate cyclase -> increased Ca2+ –> improves cardiac contractility
antidote for acetominephen toxicity
N-acetylcysteine
cause of Howell Jolly bodies
asplenic pts
nuclear remnants within the RBCs that are typically removed via the spleen
chylothorax
milky white fluid
increased TGLs
galactose 1 phosphate uridyl transferase def
failure to thrive bilateral cataracts jaundice hypoglycemia vomiting hepatomegaly mental retardation
increased risk for neonatal sepsis via E coli
galactokinase def
cataracts only
complication of hereditary spherocytosis
cholelithiasis
initial test for asthma
spirometry
if not available methemacholine test
other symptoms associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis
anterior uveitis so perform a slit lamp examination
dx of JIA - elevated ESR,ANA ab, pain in AM
testicular torsion PE
absence of cremasteric reflex
epididymitis will have a nml cremasteric reflex
precocious puberty ages
Males <9
Females <8
croup edema location
subglottic edema which improves with the vasoconstriction effects of cold air
lethargy
complexion darkening
height weight nml
decreased BP
dx test ?
plasma cortison - since this is a decreased of ACTH
young boy with GBS infection HIB infection leukocytosis
and low lymphoctes
dx = ?
agammaglobulinemia - infec form encapsulated bugs that normal ppl are immune too
tx - abx and IV Ig
fat kid bowing legs
dx = ?
tibia vara
neurofibromatosis type 1
cafe au lait spots
seizures
skin tags (lisch nodules)
clustered freckles
nerve sheath tumors
optic gliomas
prophylactic tx of TB
Isoniazid
sudden onset of constipation, bilious vomiting, squirt sign neg and blood in stool in 1 month
shows its below the level of duodenum this dx = volvulus until proven otherwise
neuroblastoma presentation
young kid racoon eyes (blue underneath eyes)
HTN
fatigue
posterior mass
weight loss
mets to the bone
sinusitis presentation
long term fever, ha, yellow green nasal discharge
posterior pharyngeal wall is erythematous and covered with gray mucus
aspirin ABG findings
mixed metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis
hyperglycemia causes osmotic shifts of water from intracellular to the extracellular space leading to
dilutional hyponatremia
low BMI and no periods put you at risk for what?
osteoperosis
biliary cyst
extrahepatic mass –> dilation of the bile duct
scerlal icterus
palpable abd mass
abd pain
dark urine
conjugated bili =
unconjugated bili =
conj = direct
unconj = indirect
breast feeding jaundice
1st week of life SUB OPTIMAL FEEDING decreased bili elimination increased enteroheptic circulation signs of dehydration
tx = increase feedings
Heavy irregular mentsrual bleeding in a young teenager cause = ?
immature hypothalamic pituitary axis - causing anovulation
tx = high dose OCPs - stabilize endometrium
complication of repeated otits media
conductive hearing loss
tx of strabismus
cover up the good eye to strengthen the bad eye
presentation of neonatal herpes
temporal lobe hemorrhage/ edeme
mucucutaneous vesicles
keratoconjuctivitis
seizures
fever, lethargy
guillane barre syndorme
follows URI
ascending paralysis - concerned about resp compromise so perform spirometry to check
chronic sickle cell hemolysis can lead to what def
folate deficiency
papillry necrosis
pathological murmur
diaphoretic fatigue with feeding or exercise poor growth , dizzy poor weight gain
harsh holosystolic, diastolic
increased intensity on standing and valsalva manuever
strong family hx
acute causes of hemiplegia in kids
seizures - todd paralysis
intracranial hemorrhage - vomit, brady
hemiplegic migraine - family Hx
Measles Virus precautions
airborne transmission
vitamin A for hospitalized patients
causes of impetigo
staph auerus
strep pyogenes
causes of vit K def
malnutrition CF IBD Biliary atresia celiac dz frequent abx use
homocystinuria
marfanoid habitus
intellectual disability
megaloblastic anemia
thrombosis
lens dislocation
joint hyperlaxity
skin hyperelasticity
scoliolisis
generalized seizure presentation
LOC
post ictal state
tongue laceration
+/- preceding aura
vasovagal syncope
preceding lightheadnes
pallor
diaphoretic
IMMEDIATE return to baseline mental status
cardiogenic syncope
sudden LOC without prodrome
IMMEDIATE return to base line mental status
dissemenitaed gonoccal infection
fever
rash - vesiculopustular (no facial involvement)
polyarthritis