Pediatrics and Development Flashcards by Cidney Woodard

Q

What is the Apgar Score?

A

method for objectively reporting the health of a baby after it is born.
A - Appearance (Skin Color)
P - Pulse
G - Grimace (reflex irritability)
A - Activity (muscle tone)
R - Respiration

0-2 for a total of 10
2 = normal response
Less than 3 = indication for immediate medical attention
Less than 5 = indicated neuromotor dysfunction

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Q

Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR)

A

Stimulus:
Head position, turned to one side
Response:
arm and leg on face side are extended, opposite side flexed, spine curved w convexity toward face side
Normal Age:
Birth to 6 mo.

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Q

Symmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (STNR)

A

Stimulus:
Head position, FLX or EXT
Response:
Head in FLX = arms are flexed, legs are extended
Head in EXT = arms are extended, legs are flexed
Normal Age:
6 to 12 mo.

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Q

Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex (TLR)

A

Stimulus:
psoition of labyrinth in inner ear - reflected in head position
Response:
Supine = body and arms/legs in extension
Prone = body and arms/legs in flexion
Normal Age:
Birth to 6 mo.

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Q

Galant Reflex

A

Stimulus:
Touch skin along spine from shoulder to hip
Response:
Lateral flexion/sidebending of trunk to side of stimulus
Normal Age:
30 weeks of gestation to 2 mo.

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Q

Palmar Grasp Reflex

A

Stimulus:
pressure in palm or ulnar side of hand
Response:
flexion of fingers causing strong grip
Normal Age:
birth to 4 mo.

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Q

Plantar Grasp Reflex

A

Stimulus:
pressure to base of toes
Response:
toe flexion
Normal Age:
28 weeks of gestation to 9 mo.

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Q

Rooting Reflex

A

Stimulus:
touch on cheek
Response:
turning head to same side as stimulus
Normal Age:
28 weeks of gestation to 3 mo.

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Q

Moro Reflex

A

Stimulus:
Head dropping into extension suddenly for a few inches
Response:
Arms ABD with fingers open, then cross trunk in ADD; cry
Normal Age:
28 weeks of gestation to 5 mo.

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Q

Startle Reflex

A

Stimulus:
loud, sudden noise
Response:
similar to Moro response, but elbows remain flexed and hands closed
Normal Age:
28 weeks of gestation to 5 mo.

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Q

Positive Support Reflex

A

Stimulus:
weight placed on balls of feet when upright
Response:
stiffening legs and trunk into extension
Normal Age:
35 weeks of gestation to 2 mo.

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Q

Walking (Stepping) Reflex

A

Stimulus:
Supported upright position with soles of feet on firm surface
Response:
reciprocal flexion/extension of legs
Normal Age:
38 weeks of gestation to 2 mo.

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Q

When should a child be able to….

Sitting w/o Support

A

4 - 9 mo. 5.9 AVG

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Q

When should a child be able to….

Standing with assistance

A

5-12 mo. 7.4 AVG

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Q

When should a child be able to….

Hands/Knees crawling

A

5-14 mo. 8.3 AVG

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Q

When should a child be able to….

Walk with assistance

A

6-14 mo. 9 AVG

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Q

When should a child be able to….

Stand alone

Study These Flashcards

A

7-17 mo. 10.8 AVG

Q

When should a child be able to….

Walk alone

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A

8-18 mo. 12 AVG

Q

CDC Milestones at 2 months…

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A

hold head up in prone
moves both arms and legs
open hands briefly

Q

CDC Milestones at 4 months….

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A

holds head steady w/o support
hold toy in hand
arm swing at toys
hands to mouth
push up onto elbows in prone

Q

CDC milestones at 6 mo….

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A

rolling prone to supine
push up on straight arms in prone
leaning on hands in sitting

Q

CDC milestones at 9 mo….

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A

independent sitting positioning
fingers “rake” food
moved things from one hand to the other

Q

CDC milestones at 12 mo…

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A

pulls up to stand
walks while holding onto furniture
picking things up between thumb and index fingers

Q

CDC milestones at 15 mo….

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A

few steps on own
uses fingers to feed some food

CDC milestones at 18 mo....

- independent walking - feeds self w fingers

CDC milestones at 2 yrs

- kick a ball - running

Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS)

- identifies infants with delayed motor development - 0-18 months - Norm referenced

Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2)

- diagnoses and evaluates motor impairment - 4-21 yrs - Norm referenced

Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM)

- measures change in gross motor function over time in children with Cerebral Palsy - All Ages - Criterion Referenced

Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS) - Second Edition

- identifies children whose gross and fine motor skills are delayed relative to normative groups - measures performance across time - 0-6 years - Norm referenced

Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI)

- measures capability and performance of functional activities - 6 mo. to 7.5 years - Norm and Criterion referenced

School Function Assessment (SFA)

- assesses function and guides program planning for students with disabilities within schools - kindergarten to 6th grade - Criterion referenced

Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita (AMC)

a non-progressive neuromuscular disorder that occurs during 1st trimester of utero involving fibrosis of muscles and structures within the joints

Prader-Willi Syndrome

a genetic condition caused by the partial deletion of chromosome 15, causing characteristics like small hands, feet, and sex organs, hyptonia, almond-shaped eyes, obesity, and constant desire for food.

Spina Bidida Occulta

non-fusion of the spinous processes of a vertebra d/t insufficient closure of the neural tube

Spina Bifida Cystica

presents with cyst-like protrusion through non-fused vertebra resulting in impairment

Types of Spina Bifida Cystica....

1. Meningocele - herniation of meninges and cerebrospinal fluid into a sac protruding thought the non-fused vertebra; spinal cord remains in spinal canal 2. Myelomenigocele - herniation of the meninges, CSF, and spinal cord extending through the non-fused vertebra - much more severe

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

progressive disorder cause by absence of the gene required to produce muscle proteins dystrophin and nebulin. Cell membranes weaken, myfibrils are destroyed, and muscle contraction is lost

Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)

progressive deterioration of the anterior horn cell caused by genetic autosomal inheritance by way a mutation of gene 5

Acute Infantile SMA (Type 1- Werdnig-Hoffmann disease)

occurs between birth and 2 mo. quick degernation of motor function

Chronic Childhood SMA (Type 2 - Werdnig-Hoffmann disease)

presents after 6 mo. to 1 year with a slower progression of steady motor impairment

Juvenile SMA (Type 3 - Kugelberg-Welander disease)

occurs later in childhood from 4-17 years of age