Peds Exam 1 Flashcards
(335 cards)
1
Q
infants experience stranger anxiety between __ to __ months of age
A
6 to 8
2
Q
Can experience sleep deprivation due to these 3 things
A
strange noises, monitoring devices, and procedures
3
Q
type of separation anxiety:
screaming, clinging to parents, verbal and physical aggression toward strangers
A
protest
4
Q
type of separation anxiety:
withdrawal from others, depression, decreased communication, developmental regression
A
despair
5
Q
type of separation anxiety:
interacting with strangers, forming new relationships, happy appearance
A
detachment
6
Q
Each child’s understanding of illnesses and hospitalization is dependent on the child’s stage of _____ and ______
A
development and cognitive ability
7
Q
things to listen for during assessment of the family
A
their unique stressors
8
Q
Place infants whose parents are not in attendance close to ____ ____ so that their needs can
be quickly met.
A
nurses’ stations
9
Q
Provide ______ in assigning caregivers
A
consistency
10
Q
Encourage family members to stay with the child during the hospital experience to _____ __ _____
A
reduce the stress
11
Q
Provide _______ appropriate activities
A
developmentally
12
Q
Infant stage of growth and development: (neonatal)
A
Newborn through 12 months of age
13
Q
Attainment of skills from head to toe
A
Cephalocaudal pattern:
14
Q
Attainment of skills from trunk out to extremities
A
Proximodistal pattern
15
Q
Gains ____ motor before ____ motor skills.
A
gross before fine
16
Q
What motor development milestones would you expect an infant to attain first?
A
Opens and closes hands
17
Q
An infant learns to open and close their hands at __ months of age.
A
2
18
Q
infants use a raking grasp at __ months
A
6
19
Q
infants learn a pincer grasp at __ months
A
9
20
Q
infants feed themselves with a spoon at __ months.
A
12
21
Q
what months do babies get appointments
A
newborn, 1 month, 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 9 months, 12 months
22
Q
Assess infants on the ______ lap.
A
caregivers
23
Q
t/f: Perform the most invasive procedures last.
A
true
24
Q
Assess for hip dysplasia until __ months of age.
A
3
25
posterior fontanelles (smaller) close between __ and __ months of age
2 and 3
26
anterior fontanelles (larger) close between __ and __ months of age
12 and 18
27
Strabismus is common until __ months of age.
6
28
To inspect the pinna of the ear, pull it ___ and ____
down and back
29
t/f: Heart rate and respirations are often irregular in newborns
true
30
misalignment of the eyes, causing one eye to deviate inward (esotropia) toward the nose, or outward (exotropia), while the other eye remains focused.
stribasimus
31
bluish discoloration of the extremities due to decreased amount of oxygen delivered to the peripheral part, that is often common in newborns
acrocyanosis
32
The top of the pinna should align along an imaginary line with the ___ _____ of the eye
outer canthus
33
A pinna that sits below the imaginary line between the outer canthus of the eye could indicate _____ _____
chromosomal abnormalities
34
a common foot deformity noted at birth that causes the front half of the foot, or forefoot, to turn inward, NORMAL in infants
Benign metatarsus adductus
35
Passive immunity until __ months of age
6
36
sunken fontanelle=
dehydration
37
swollen fontanelle=
increase pressure, fluid build up
38
Myelination of spinal cord from newborn to ___ months
24
39
reflexes the child is born with, disappear over first year of life
primitive relfexes
40
which type of reflexes are sucking, rooting, Babinski, Moro (startle), stepping, palmar grasp, plantar grasp, tonic neck
(fencer).
primitive
41
Babinski reflex normally lasts until __ months.
24
42
relfexes that Develop after the disappearance of primitive reflexes, not until after 12 months
protective reflexes
43
Newborn’s first stool, Thick and green
Meconium
44
If breastfed, stool is
Thinner consistency, Seedy and yellow
45
If fed formula, stool is
Pastier consistency, Darker in color
46
Normal to have __ stool every other day and up to __ stools daily
1, 10
47
FLACC scale stands for
Face
Legs
Activity
Cry
Consolability
48
higher score on FLACC scale indicates:
more pain
49
NIPS stands for:
Neonatal Infant Pain Scale
50
t/f:
A FLACC score of 8 indicates mild pain.
false. 0 is no pain and 10 is worst pain possible
51
LENGTH:
Grow ___ to ___ cm per month for first 6 months.
1.5 to 2.5
52
LENGTH:
Grow __ cm per month for months 6 to 12.
1
53
Lose __% body weight the first week of life but regained by end of the 2nd week.
10%
54
infants Gain __ to __ g per day for the first 3 months
20 to 30
55
babies weight doubles by __ to __ months, and triples by __ months
4 to 6, 12
56
head circumference Increases rapidly the first __ months, then slows until __ months.
6, 12
57
babies begin “cooing” at __ months of age.
2
58
baby Babbles by __ months of age.
6
59
babies Copy sounds at __ months of age.
9
60
By __ months of age, babies can use simple gestures and follow simple directions.
12
61
what are babies vision at birth
20/400
62
No color vision until __ months of age
7
63
t/f: babies Prefer high-pitched voices
true
64
t/f: infants prefer sweet tastes over sour tastes
true
65
easy temperament=
Quickly establishes routines, adapts easily
66
Difficult temperament=
Requires high levels of activity, fussiness, crying
67
Slow to warm up temperament=
Middle level of fussiness, initial negative reactions, adapts over time
68
Risks to newborns and infants are found in
Tobacco exposure, Food and housing insecurity, Parental substance abuse
69
Room sharing in own bed until __ months of age is recommended.
6
70
how should infants sleep?
sleep on back
71
Newborns sleep about __ hours per day (or more!).
16
72
A nurse is working with occupational therapy to plan what developmentally-appropriate toys should
be given to her 10-month-old patient. What is the most appropriate?
Board books
73
solid foods start at __ months of age
6
74
Start with iron-fortified cereal, then add other pureed foods slowly (every 3 days) to prevent _____
allergies
75
first tooth at __ to __ months
4 to 7
76
signs of teething:
Fussy and irritable, Increased salivation, Low-grade fevers, Difficulty sleeping
77
Self-limiting condition of increased fussiness and inconsolable crying
colic
78
colic Peaks at __ weeks of age and resolves by __ to __ months of age.
6, 3-6
79
t/f: colic is worse in the evening time
true
80
Brief Resolved Unexplained Events
BRUE
81
symptoms of BRUE:
Cyanosis or pallor, Irregular, slowed, or absent breathing, Hypertonia or hypotonia, Altered level of responsiveness
82
Any skin breakdown in the diaper region, erythematous and excoriated
diaper dermatitis
83
Treat diaper dermatitis by:
leaving diapers off and allowing skin to dry.
84
Scales and erythema, usually only in scalp. ("cradle cap")
seborrhea
85
Seborrhea usually resolves by __ months
12
86
Defined as a temperature over 100.4 F (38 C)
fever
87
visits for toddlers are conducted at:
15 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, and 3 years.
88
toddler ear (pinna) inspection:
pull it back and down.
89
things toddlers may be afraid of:
new people and places, dark, intrusive procedures and flushing stool down toilet because there is not a clear separation of self from body
90
toddler stage is
12 to 36 months of age
91
All 20 baby teeth should be present by __ years of age.
3
92
___ increases and ____ decreases as toddler grows and develops.
BP, HR
93
toddler stool frequency:
usually 1 per day
94
Normal hemoglobin ratio at __ months of age
12
95
Most common chronic skin condition in children, eczema
- Symptoms:
Severely dry skin
Erythematous patches
Extreme pruritus
Thickening of the skin
atopic dermatitis
96
Is the inflammation of the middle ear and middle ear effusion, ear infections
acute otitis media
97
risk factors for ear infections:
Exposure to tobacco smoke, Exposure to other children, Congenital anomalies
98
Protective factors for ear infection:
Breastfeeding, Pneumococcal vaccination
99
HEIGHT:
Grow 5 inches (12.7 cm) from __ months to __ years of age.
12, 2
100
HEIGHT:
Grow 2 to 3 inches (5-7.6 cm) from __ to __ years of age.
2 to 3
101
Measure standing height at __ years of age.
3
102
Perform sitting weight until __ years of age.
3
103
Gain __ pounds (2.3 kg) per year.
5
104
toddlers head circumference Increases by __ cm from 12 to 24 months.
2 cm
105
stage of autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Erikson
106
symbolic thinking develops at 2 years of age
Piaget
107
belief that inanimate objects have a consciousness and other life-like properties
animis
108
Preconventional level: Avoidance of punishment as motivation for obedience, Not focused on right and wrong
Kohlberg
109
The nurse is explaining Kohlberg’s theory of moral development to the parent of a toddler. The nurse
tells the parents that in the preconventional level of moral development, what factor motivates
obedience?
avoidance of punishment
110
The nurse is assessing gross and fine motor development in a 2-year-old child. What developmental milestones would the nurse expect to observe in this child?
stacks objects
111
______ language develops quicker than _____ language.
receptive, expressive
112
Repetition of words and phrases without understanding meaning
Echolalia
113
Two- to three-word sentences, Only contain enough words to get the point
across.
telegraphic speech
114
Believe the world revolves around them, Focused on self only
Egocentric
115
Ride forward facing in back seat in five-point harness from __ to __ years of age (rear facing before 2 years of age).
2 to 4
116
Change from formula or breastmilk to cow’s milk at __ months.
12
117
Use nonflavored whole milk until __ years of age.
2
118
Times a toddler will only eat certain foods then suddenly refuse to eat those foods anymore, Common around age 3
food jags
119
Limit milk to ___ oz per day or less to prevent anemia.
24
120
The mother of a 3-year-old child tells the clinic nurse that her child insists on having a bottle at
naptime and bedtime. What intervention should the nurse suggest to the
mother?
Do not allow the child to have the bottle.
121
playing alongside one another but not with each other.
parallel play
122
9 hours at night and __ naps until 18 months
2
123
9 hours at night and __ longer nap after 18 months
1
124
potty training usually begins at what age
2
125
Result of receptive language development versus expressive language development, starts at 12 months
temper tantrums
126
what is the preschool stage
3 to 6 years (3,4 and 5 year olds)
127
2 key characteristics in preschoolers
imagination and creativity
128
_____ motor skills become more coordinated in preschoolers, ____ motor develops exponentially
gross, fine
129
2 coping mechanisms for preschoolers
aggressive responses and scatology
130
when do you begin to involve child in health history during physical assessment?
preschool age
131
t/f: do NOT allow preschoolers to make choices or play with safe medical equipment during assessment
false
132
Implement visual acuity testing at age __?
4
133
To inspect the pinna of the ear at age 3, pull it ___ and ____.
up and back
134
Assess hearing with _______ emissions test at preschool age
optoacoustic
135
Can use _____ pulses for heart rate assessments in preschoolers
radial
136
Visual acuity reaches 20/20 at __ to __ years of age.
4 to 5
137
Thoracic breathing begins at age __
5
138
Full daytime bladder control around __ years of age.
3
139
Nighttime bladder control around __ to __ years of age.
4 to 5
140
Genu valgum or _____ _____ in early preschool period.
knock-knees
141
at preschool age, Body is more ____ and abdominal muscles are _____
slender, stronger
142
are preschool age kids able to point to location of pain
no
143
Six points with corresponding photos of children’s faces depicting different levels of pain
- Scale of 0 to 100, with higher number indicating more pain
oucher scale
144
Six cartoon faces with different expressions
- Scale of 0 to 10, with higher number indicating more pain
FACES scale
145
preschoolers height:
grow __ to ___ per year
2.5 to 3 in (6.1 to 7.6 cm) per year
146
Average 4 year old height is ___
40 in (3.3 ft)
147
preschoolers weight:
- Gain ____ lb (2.3 kg) per year from ages 3 to 6
5
148
Average 4 year old weighs _____
40 lb (18.1 kg)
149
t/f: head growth slows at preschool age
true
150
head circumference growth: Only _________ increase from 3 to 18 years of age.
1.9 to 2.4 in (5 to 6 cm)
151
Psychosocial:
- Asserts self more and wants to please parents, Plans and initiates activities
Erikson stage of initiative vs guilt
152
cognitive:
Preoperational stage until 4 years of age
-Remains egocentric and focuses only on one aspect
piaget
153
connecting unrelated events
Transductive reasoning
154
Intuitive thinking after __ years of age
4
155
preschoolers Develop logical thought based on _____
perception
156
unable to reverse sequence of events
irreversibility
157
preschoolers: fantasy and vivid imaginations
magical thinking
158
Moral:
-Right and wrong is interpreted through punishment and reward.
-Rules are seen as absolute.
Kohlberg: Preconventional stage
159
Psychosexual
- Genitals become area of interest
-Identifies more with parents of the same sex
Freud: Phallic stage
160
A 4-year-old child tells the nurse, “I got sick because I broke my sister’s toy.” The nurse knows
that this is an example of what?
transductive reasoning
161
gross motor milestones of a 3 year old
-walks up and down stairs with one feet on each step
-pedals tricycle
-runs well
-jumps forward
162
gross motor milestone for 4 year old:
-climbs and hops
-stands on one foot
-catches bounced ball
163
gross motor milestone for 5 year old:
-swings
-climbs
-stand on one foot for 10 seconds
-somersaults
164
fine motor milestones for 3 year olds:
-puts on coat by self
-draws head and one body part
-draws single circle
-puzzles with 3-4 pieces
-tower of over 6 blocks
-turn pages 1 at time
-holds pencil with entire hand
165
fine motor milestones for 4 year olds:
-draws person with 3 body parts
-draws cross
-buttons/unbuttons large buttons
-grasps pencil with thumb and finger
-uses scissors
166
fine motor milestones for 5 year olds:
-draws person with at least 6 body parts
-prints some letters/numbers
-copies shapes
-uses fork and spoon
167
t/f: preschoolers language is learned through exposure to words.
true
168
Children living in _____ are at increased risk of language delay.
poverty
169
Underlying causes of language delay include:
Autism
Cognitive impairment
Emotional delays
Low socioeconomic status or neglect
Underlying neurological disorders
170
language development milestones in a 3 year old:
-speaks in 3 word sentences
-strangers can understand 75% of childs language
-follow 2 or 3 step instructions
-names a friend
171
language development milestones in a 4 year old:
-uses he and she correctly
-sing songs
-tell stories
-strangers can understand 100%
-4 word sentences
-know some colors and numbers
172
language development milestones in a 5 year old:
-counts to 10
-name at least 4 colors
-uses full sentences
-knows name/address
-knows future tense
173
Interested in basic sexuality by the age of ___ to __
5 to 6
174
preschoolers: Develop their own _____ and __________
identity, independence
175
Use imaginary ____ and imaginary ____ to explore communication and emotions
play, friends
176
social and emotional development milestones in 3 year olds:
-goes to BR by self
-cooperates/shares
-understands mine/yours
-separates easily from mom and dad
-copies adults
-show concern
177
social and emotional development milestones in 4 year olds:
-likes to do new things
-engages in creative/imaginary play
-likes to play with other children
-talks about interests
-follow simple rules
-may not be able to differentiate real from make-believe
178
social and emotional development milestones in 5 year olds:
-follow simple directions
-wants to please friends
-understands gender
-differentiates real from make believe
-likely to follow rules
179
preschoolers: Natural curiosity can create harmful situations such as:
-improper handling of firearms
-poisoning
-choking
180
books to use with preschoolers:
Use picture books or Books with a few words
per page
181
how to carry on conversations with preschoolers:
ask open-ended questions
182
preschoolers: Use arts and crafts for fine motor skills such as:
modeling clay, crayons
183
preschoolers learn to share and take turns with:
simple board games
184
outdoor activities for preschoolers:
Playgrounds, bicycles, tricycles
- Unstructured physical activity
185
toys to avoid (preschoolers):
Toys with small parts, small magnets, or lead paint.
- Excessive electronics.
186
Preschoolers require __ to ___ hours per day of sleep
10 to 13
187
Naps typically end around __ years of age.
4
188
Child wakes up scared and wants comfort from parents, talk about it and put back to sleep
nightmares
189
Child is not awake when they occur and does not remember
episodes, May scream, kick, thrash, or push parents away, Do not try to wake the child.
night terrors
190
Preschoolers behave better if given opportunities for independence with ____ ____.
set limits
191
time outs time
1 min per year of age
192
yelling and spanking leads to:
aggression and physical struggles
193
how many calories per day for preschoolers:
Requires 1,200-1,400 cal./day.
194
nutrition for preschoolers:
Three meals and one to two snacks per day, Avoid foods high in fat and sugar.
195
what encourages picky eating in preschoolers:
do not fix separate meals
196
lying in preschoolers stems from
overactive imaginations or to avoid punishment
197
Punishment should be based on severity of the _________ and ____.
transgression and lie
198
Bright red cheeks with “slapped” appearance, peaks in late winter/spring, Lacy rash on trunk and upper extremities
Erythema infectiosum, fifth disease
199
nightmares happen during ___ sleep, night terrors happen during _____
REM, non REM (first 4 hours)
200
Spread through fecal-oral route, May have mild fever and moderate pain, Vesicular and/or pustular lesions occur on the oropharynx, palms of hands, and soles of feet.
Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease
201
how to avoid hand foot mouth disease
proper handwashing
Self-limiting condition; usually resolves after 1 week.
202
inflammation of conjunctiva, Also known as “pink-eye," contagious, typically associated with thick
drainage, pruritus, and/or vision changes.
conjunctivitis
203
School-Age Period
ages 6 to 12
204
Logical thinking develops at what period
school-age
205
t/f: Family values and home routine are two of the most important influences during the school-age
period.
false, they are focused on friendships/peers
206
Annual health promotion visits between ages __ and __
6 and 12
207
Direct your questions to ____, but verify answers with ______
child, caregiver
208
t/f: Parents should remain in the examination room during assessment of school aged child
true
209
Use the _____ eye chart to assess vision
Snellen
210
Begin hyperlipidemia screening at age __
11
211
an abnormally high concentration of fats or lipids in the blood.
hyperlipidemia
212
Frontal sinuses are fully developed at __ years old
7
213
Facial structures become _______ in school aged kids
elongated
214
Fully developed respiratory system at __ years old
10
215
Point of maximum impulse moves to ___ intercostal space, midclavicular line
5th
216
t/f: Legs and arms grow faster than the rest of the body in school aged kids
true
217
Secondary sex characteristics develop in boys between __ and __ years of age
9 and 14
218
First sign of development in males is
testicular enlargement
219
Secondary sex characteristics develop in girls between __ and __ years of age
8 and 13
220
First sign of puberty in girls is
breast bud development (thelarche, pronounced thee larky)
221
t/f: males have growth spurt earlier than girls
false: girls first
222
Menarche occurs __ years after breast bud development
2
223
Use Oucher or FACES pain rating scale for children younger than __
7
224
Straight line with number spaced evenly, 0 to 10 scale, higher number indicates more pain
Numerical pain scale, older than 7
225
Include _____ considerations in pain assessment
cultural
226
Which pain scale would be most appropriate for the nurse to implement for a 10-
year-old child with a leg fracture?
Numerical rating scale
227
height growth for school aged kids:
2.5 to 3 in (6.3 to 7.3 cm) per year
228
weight growth for school aged kids:
Gains 6.5 to 7.5 lb (2.9 to 3.4 kg) per year
229
t/f: Girls are taller than boys at 12 years old
true
230
Learns productivity and perseverance, Develops confidence and competence, Likes to understand how things work, sets achievable goals
Psychosocial: Erikson stage of industry vs. inferiority (school age)
231
Concrete operational stage, Can put items in sequential order, Learns concepts of reversibility and time, Learns about objects through manipulation, understands cause and effect
cognitive (school age)
Concrete Operational Piaget
232
Conventional stage: “good boy, good girl” and “society”, follows rules, Maintains expectations of family and society, sees things from diff perspectives, think about societal laws
(school aged, moral)
Conventional stage Kohlberg
233
Latent stage, Focuses more on relationships with same-sex peers
psychosocial (school aged)
Latent Stage Freud
234
school aged HR at rest
70-110
235
school aged resp. rate at rest
16-22
236
gross motor milestones for school aged kids
Muscle coordination, rhythm, and balance improve
- Can ride bike by age 7 to 8
- Growth spurts may decrease coordination
- Organized sports, dance, and gymnastics are
popular activities
237
fine motor skills in school aged kids
Improved hand-eye coordination and finger
dexterity
-Playing an instrument, braiding string for bracelets,
and building models are popular activities
- May become frustrated as skills develop
238
Ability to think about language and how it is used
metalinguistic awareness
239
Develop positive or negative self-esteem through ________ ____ _____
interactions with others (their peers)
240
Children identify a best friend by __ years old
7
241
school aged kids Want to be accepted by peers and are subject to ____ ______
peer pressure
242
Identifying with a gender different from biological sex
gender dysphoria
243
gender dysphoria is first seen in children ages __ to __ years old
9 to 10
244
t/f: All children with gender dysphoria later identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.
false
245
immunizations for 11 to 12 year olds
Influenza, Diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis (DTaP), Human papillomavirus (HPV), Meningococcal disease
246
school aged kids require __ to __ hours of sleep per night
9 to 12
247
Encourage healthy bedtime routines such as:
Consistent bedtime, Only use bed for sleep, No electronic devices
248
school aged: Monitor calcium and Vitamin __ intake.
D
249
-Unwillingness to attend school
-Multiple short absences or one prolonged absence
-Associated with severe emotional distress from
school
-Common in children ages 5 to 7 and 12 to 14
school refusal
250
most common types of bullying in school:
social or verbal
251
Competitiveness may be the reason for _____, and more likely in children with siblings
cheating
252
Understand the concepts of property and ownership at __ years old
7
253
Every year the influenza vaccine contains ___-___ antigens to the strains of virus predicted to be most prominent
3-4
254
The influenza vaccine is recommended for children over the age of __ months who have no contraindications for the vaccine, such as a known allergy to the vaccine
6
255
Fungal infections classified by location, Increased risk of immunosuppressed, Pruritis and scaling are common symptoms
tinea infections
256
Tinea corporis, also known as _______, Multiple scaly plaques on the torso.
ringworm
257
Tinea capitis, alopecia common with this
ringworm of the scalp
258
Tinea pedis, commonly occurs between the toes
athletes foot
259
A painful, swollen, boggy area associated with tinea capitis.
kerion
260
viral or bacterial, sore throat, may also present with sandpaper-like rash, use antibiotics
Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis
261
t/f: Tonsillar hypertrophy may lead to partial airway obstruction and/or sleep apnea
true
262
adolescent age period
10 to 21
263
early adolescent stage
10 to 13
264
middle adolescent age:
14 to 17 years
265
late adolescent age:
18 to 21 years
266
adolescent age: increase in what type of behavior?
risk-taking
267
is a health history done with or without caregiver present for adolescents?
without (but allow them to ask questions)
268
Prefrontal cortex is undeveloped until ____ adolescence
late
269
Wisdom teeth develop in what stage?
adolescents
270
Growth plates close in _____ to ___ adolescence
middle to late
271
Muscle development is greater in males or females?
males
272
Skeletal growth occurs before or after muscle growth in adolescents?
before
273
Active _______ glands lead to acne in adolescents
sebaceous
274
early adolescent physical changes in males:
tanner stages 1-2
testicular enlargement
start of penile growth
275
middle adolescent physical changes in males:
tanner stages 3-5
growth spurt
nocturnal emissions
body and facial hair
276
late adolescent physical changes in males:
tanner stage 5
increased lean muscle mass
277
early adolescent physical changes in females:
tanner stages 1-2
breast buds
pubic and axillary hair
growth spurt
menarche
278
middle adolescent physical changes in females:
tanner stages 3-5
peak growth velocity
279
late adolescent physical changes in females:
tanner stage 5
increase muscle mass
280
what pain scale to use on adolescents
numerical rating scale or visual analog scale
281
no pain on left, and worst pain imaginable on right
visual analog scale
282
female adolescent height growth:
3 to 3.5 in per year during growth spurt.
283
male adolescent height growth:
3.5 to 4 in per year during growth spurt.
284
adolescent weight:
Healthy body mass index between __ and __ percentile.
5th and 85th
285
Body fat increases in _____, Muscle mass increases in ____.
females, males
286
-Self-conscious about changing body and concerned
with attractiveness
- Body image stabilizes and identity forms in late
adolescence
adolescent age
Erikson stage of identity vs. role confusion
287
- Able to think abstractly without manipulating
concrete objects
- Logic and reasoning develop
- Egocentric
Formal operational stage
cognitive- piaget adolescent age
288
-Understand what is morally right and legally right
are not always the same.
-Establishes own set of morals.
-Individual morals may be different from family
morals.
moral- kohlberg- adolescent age
Postconventional stage
289
-Experiments sexually
- Settles into relationships
freud: Genital stage
-adolescent age
290
gross Motor Development of Adolescents
-speed, coordination, endurance improve
-narrow focus of interests
-skill/muscle development
291
fine Motor Development of Adolescents
-improved dexterity and hand eye coordination
-advanced high motor skills
292
adolescent communicaton/speech
Vocabulary and language increase in ______.
complexity
293
Which people are most likely to affect an adolescent’s behavior?
peers
294
The adolescent needs to complete the __ vaccine series if not
already completed and needs the second dose of the
meningococcal vaccine at age __ years.
HPV, 16
295
adolescents Require __ to __ hours of sleep per night.
7 to 8
296
effects of adolescent sleep deficits:
-Negative mood and increased emotional reactivity
-Mood disorders
-Substance use
-Obesity
297
Risk factors that increase violent behavior include:
Exposure to firearms
Single-parent home
Low socioeconomic status
Poor family functioning
298
Daily disruption of mood and loss of pleasure in activities, lasts 2 weeks or longer
depression
299
t/f: Risk doubles if the parent has depression
true
300
Selective ______ reuptake inhibitors are used most
often for treatment
serotonin
301
What is the first line of treatment for adolescent depression?
Psychotherapy
302
Viral infection caused by Epstein–Barr virus, spread through oral secretions
Infectious Mononucleosis
303
symptoms of mono:
fever, pharyngitis, enlarged
tonsils, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly
304
mono: Avoid contact sports for 2 to 3 weeks to avoid ____ rupture
splenic
305
acute mono symptoms last 2 to 4 weeks, full recover may take up to __ months
6
306
emergency assessment: ABC
establish patent Airway
ensure adequate Breathing
Perform rapid cardiopulmonary assessments for Circulation
307
Normal saline or lactated ringers used for volume _____
expansion
308
Anticholinergic used to increase heart rate and cardiac output
atropine
309
Increase blood glucose levels
dextrose
310
Increases heart rate and myocardial contractility
dobutamine
311
Increases cardiac output and blood pressure
dopamine
312
Increases heart rate and systemic vascular resistance
epinephrine
313
Reverses respiratory depression and hypotension related to narcotic effects
naloxone
314
State of cessation of breathing or severe respiratory dysfunction that leads to inadequate ventilation and oxygenation
respiratory arrest
315
Croup, epiglottitis, strangulation, tracheal stenosis
upper airway disorders
316
Asthma, bronchitis, pertussis, pneumothorax, pneumonia
lower airway disorders
317
Seizures, spinal cord trauma, sudden infant death syndrome
neurological disorders
318
Arrhythmias, acquired heart problems, congenital defects
cardiac disorders
319
Burns, foreign body aspiration, child abuse, drowning, electrocution, gunshot wound, motor vehicle accidents, poisoning
traumatic injuries
320
Trauma caused by near drowning or survival after suffocation and respiratory impairment by submersion in a liquid medium
submersion injuries (drowning)
321
Hypoxia and hypercapnia leads to _______.
unconsciousness
322
t/f: Symptoms of submersion injuries can appear up to 24 hours after the submersion.
true
323
Reduction in tissue perfusion resulting in decreased oxygen delivery to tissues and decreased removal of harmful by-products of metabolism type
shock
324
Tachycardia, tachypnea, and warm or cool skin
compensated shock
325
Cool skin, decreased peripheral pulses, decreased urinary output, extremely high heart rate, altered
neurological status, and hypotension
decompensated shock
326
Bradycardia, hypotension unresponsive to treatment, and evidence of end-organ damage
irreversible shock
327
what organs is not directly involved in the compensatory mechanisms for shock?
pancreas
328
Loss of plasma or blood from intravascular space.
hypovolemic shock
329
Abnormal distribution of blood volume secondary to vasodilation and/or capillary permeability.
-less blood returned to heart
distributive shock
330
Mechanical blockage of blood into the heart and major vessels.
obstructive shock
331
Pericardial drain for ____
tamponade
332
Chest tube for _______
pneumothorax
333
Anticoagulants for
embolism
334
-Impaired myocardial function.
-Heart unable to maintain cardiac output and tissue
perfusion.
cardiogenic shock
335
What interventions are most important for hypovolemic shock?
fluid administration
