Peds Final Flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
RBC, Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide through hemoglobin (Hgb)
A
erythrocytes
2
Q
WBC, Infection control and immunological reactions, Granulocytes and agranulocytes
A
leukocytes
3
Q
platelets, blood clotting
A
thrombocytes
4
Q
liquid portion, other coag. factors
A
plasma
5
Q
fetal __ to __ months of life
A
4 to 6
6
Q
hematological assessment
A
complete blood count analysis, assess for tachypnea, tachycardia, hypoxia, differential of blood count, coag studies and clotting times
7
Q
Administer oxygen if _______ or _______ _______ low
A
Hgb or oxygen saturation
8
Q
_____ increases metabolic and oxygen demands
A
Cold
9
Q
under functioning immunity
A
Immunodeficiency
10
Q
overfunctioning immunity
(hypersensitivity reactions)
A
Autoimmune disorder
11
Q
nonspecific immune functions
A
inflammation and phagocytosis
12
Q
specific immune functions
A
humoral and cell-mediated
13
Q
_________ immunity involves B cells, which recognize specific antigens and secrete antibodies.
A
humoral
14
Q
________ immunity involves T cells, which attack the antigens marked by the B cells.
A
cellular
15
Q
The infant’s ________ organs are large at birth, in
proportion to the rest of the body.
A
lymphoid
16
Q
The ______ shrinks in size at puberty.
A
thymus
17
Q
Peyer’s patches increase in number until they peak between the ages of __ and __, then they decline.
A
15 and 25
18
Q
_______ is smaller at birth and does not reach full size until adulthood.
A
Spleen
19
Q
Children’s abdomens have less ___ to protect
immune organs; they are at higher risk for splenic rupture.
A
fat
20
Q
Children have decreased amounts of
_________, so their immune system is less effective.
A
immunoglobulins
21
Q
t/f: children have higher risk for sepsis
A
true
22
Q
Which of the following immunoglobulins provide
primary protection against bacteria, viruses, and
fungi?
A. IgA
B. IgD
C. IgE
D. IgG
A
D IgG
23
Q
Defects in development of immune system
components, repeated and persistent infections, opportunistic infections, and frequent skin lesions, rash/skin condition is one of first signs, May cure with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
A
primary immunodeficiency disorders
24
Q
X-linked recessive disorder and a form of congenital thrombocytopenia
A
wiskott-aldrich syndrome
25
Thrombocytopenia and small platelets, Eczema, Immunodeficiency involving selective functions
of B and T lymphocytes
wiskott-aldrich syndrome
26
treatment for wiskott-aldrich syndrome
stem cell transplant is only cure, IV immune globulin, splenectomy to correct thrombocytopenia, infection prevention methods
27
Which of the following is not a manifestation of
Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome?
A. Jaundice
B. Eczema
C. Recurrent infections
D. Increased bleeding
A. jaundice
28
Absent T-cell and B-cell function presented within first 6 months of life, potentially fatal and requires emergency treatment with stem cell transplant at time of diagnosis
severe combined immune deficiency (SCID)
29
SCID types of infections
bacterial, viral, fungal
30
treatment before stem cell transplant for SCID
long-term Abx therapy and IVIG
31
for SCID, only use _______ -________ blood in transufsions
cytomegalovirus- negative
32
Group of B-cell disorders in which immunoglobulins are inadequate or absent, could occur in infancy
Hypogammaglobulinemia
33
Symptoms begin around 3 months of age when maternal antibodies disappear.
hypogammaglobulinemia
34
Secondary immunodeficiency (acquired), types 1 and 2
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
35
-Acquired vertically (transmission from mother) or horizontally (transmission from unprotected sex and nonsterile needles).
-Infants often have vertical transmission and adolescents have horizontal transmission.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
36
HIV-1 is presented ________
worldwide
37
HIV-2 is primarily _______ ______ only
West- Africa
38
manifestations of HIV
chronic diarrhea, failure to thrive, delayed development, and frequent infections
39
HIV treatment from HIV positive mothers
prevent prenatal transmission by avoiding breastfeeding, contact with fluids during delivery, clean right after delivery
40
HIV treatments include:
Nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase
inhibitors (NRTIs), Protease inhibitors, Nonnucleoside analog reverse transcriptase
inhibitors (NNRTIs)
41
Chronic autoimmune disease consisting of remissions and exacerbations.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
42
butterfly rash on bridge of nose and cheeks, fever, joint inflammation, fatigue, weight loss, splenic enlargement, vasculitis, leukopenia, anemia, nephrotic syndrome, and Raynaud phenomenon
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
43
protection for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
rest during flare-ups, protect against cold weather and UV light
44
Autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation primarily affecting joints, autoantibodies primarily target synovial joints
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
45
3 types of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
pauciarticular, polyarticular, and systemic.
46
juvenile idiopathic arthritis manifestations:
joint symptoms (redness, pain, warmth, swelling, and stiffness) that are increased by inactivity, and system manifestations in some types (pericarditis, anemia, pleuritis).
47
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis treatment:
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, and antirheumatic medications, activities that maintain joint mobility
48
Result from exposure to environmental or food allergens, Caused by cell damage from antigen–antibody reactions that release histamine and causes allergic symptoms.
allergies
49
_____ allergies can be IgE-mediated or non-IgE-mediated.
food
50
______ indicates edema is occurring in the airway and is a sign of respiratory complication.
Wheezing
51
Three types of reactions to natural latex:
IgE mediated, Cell-mediated contact dermatitis, Irritant dermatitis
52
t/f: Food allergies can be diagnosed only by challenge testing.
false
53
Acute, immediate, and severe IgE-mediated
response to an allergen.
Anaphylaxis #1
54
common triggers for Anaphylaxis #1
nuts, shellfish, eggs, insect stings, penicillin, NSAIDs, radipaque dyes, latex
55
Anaphylaxis #1 usually occurs within __ to __ minutes of contact with the allergen.
5 to 10
56
Support the airway with intubation and ventilation if lip and tongue swelling and airway compromise, Assess circulation and administer IV fluids to provide volume expansion, monitor for 2 hours after
anaphylaxis #2
57
Abnormal Hgb gene, sickle shaped RBCs, autosomal recessive disorder, asymptomatic carriers
sickle cell disease #1
58
HgB F is protectant for the first 4 to 6 months of life, occlusion/hemolysis, premature RBC death
sickle cell disease #1
59
Triggered by hypoxia, acidosis, dehydration, fever, and hypothermia, vasoocclusive, Splenic sequestration, Silent cerebral infarct, Acute chest syndrome
sickle cell crisis
60
occluding vascular circulation: Severe pain from ischemia, Dactylitis
vasoocclusive
61
increased infections; requires splenectomy
splenic sequestration
62
Neuro assessments, Stroke or silent cerebral infarct
silent cerebral infarct
63
Pulmonary vessel occlusion, Mimics pneumonia but infarcts and not infiltrations
acute chest syndrome
64
increases the level of fetal Hgb, Reduces amount of crisis and promotes splenic function, Can cause neutropenia.
Hydroxyurea
65
Used if hemolysis results in high levels of free iron, Subcutaneous infusion: chelating agent to bind iron, Use with vitamin C, Monitor for side effects.
Deferoxamine
66
t/f: Deferoxamine should be administered with vitamin D to increase efficacy.
false, vitamin C
67
Autosomal recessive condition, Abnormal Hgb beta chains lead to rapid RBC destruction, Hemolytic anemia with bone marrow hyperplasia due to erythropoiesis
Beta-Thalassemia (Cooley’s Anemia) #1
68
Characteristics of the Cooley's Anemia:
severe anemia, cell damage, free iron buildup
69
-Bone malformations (maxillary, frontal lobe)
-Osteoporosis and osteopenia
-Splenomegaly and hepatomegaly
-Cardiomyopathy
-Short statures
-Yellow or bronze skin pigmentation
cooleys anemia
70
treatment for cooleys anemia
chelation therapy to reduce free iron, BM transplant, frequent blood transfusions to replace RBCs
71
All three blood cellular components low or absent
pancytopenia
72
Complete bone marrow suppression or failure
-Rich, red marrow replaced with fatty yellow substance
-Congenital (autosomal recessive) or acquired (bone marrow destruction)
aplastic anemia (fanconi anemia)
73
-Skeletal defects and genitourinary deformities
-Sensory dysfunctions
-Café au lait spots
-Cardiac defects
-Delayed growth and short stature
-Microcephaly and intellectual disability
congenital aplastic anemia
74
-Excessive fatigue and weakness with behavior changes
-Recurrent infections and febrile episodes
-Petechia, bruising, epistaxis, and excessive bleeding
acquired aplastic anemia
75
Induces puberty in males
androgen therapy for aplastic anemia
76
Aplastic anemia is associated with which missing
component(s) in the blood?
RBC, WBC, platelets (all 3= panycytopenia)
77
Bleeding disorder resulting in deficits of coagulation factors, typically inherited by sons of moms who carry trait
hemophilia 1
78
classic hemophilia, factor VIII deficiency, X-linked recessive disorder, most common
Hemophilia A
79
Christmas disease, Factor IX disorder
Hemophilia B
80
manifestations of hemophilia
spontaneous/traumatic bleeding, external or internal bleeding, can be within tissues or joints from normal activity
81
treatment for hemophilia
RICE< intranasal desmopressin, monitor clotting and coag times/studies, factor replacement
82
A 4-month-old infant is diagnosed with hemophilia A after a prolonged nosebleed. Which clotting factor is
this child missing?
factor VIII
83
Autosomal dominant, Link between subendothelial collagen and platelets, Binds to factor VIII in circulation to prevent
premature clearing
Von Willebrand Disease #1
84
vWF deficiency
type 1 von Willebrand dx
84
quality of vWF is poor
type 2 von Willebrand dx
85
total absence of vWF
type 3 von Willebrand dx
86
von Willebrand dx manifestations
mucosal bleeding, epistaxis, large bruising, menorrhagia
87
Prophylactic and scheduled desmopressin doses, factor VIII replacement therapy, epistaxis control, avoid IM injections and rectal temp, birth control
treatment for von willebrand dx
88
Systemic coagulation due to thrombosis from stimulated thrombin, hemorrhage d/t fibrinolysis stimulated by plasmin, secondary, widespread clot formation occurs first
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
