Perception

Question 1

sensation

Answer 1

the recieval of info from the five senses

Question 2

perception

Answer 2

making sense or interpreting the info recieved from your five sense

Question 3

monocular depth cue

Answer 3

a way of detecting depth or distance that works with only one eye

Question 4

height in plane

Answer 4

how high the object appears in the image

Question 5

relative size

Answer 5

how large an object appears in an image

Question 6

occlusion

Answer 6

when one part of an object appears to cover part of another object

Question 7

linear perspective

Answer 7

when straight lines are arranged so that they would come together at a point on the horizon

Question 8

Binocular depth cues

Answer 8

a way of detecting depth or distance that requires two eyes to work

Question 9

convergence

Answer 9

a depth perception that uses the extent to which eye muscles have to work in order to focus on images/objects. The closer the image is, the more the eye muscles have to work

Question 10

retinal disparity

Answer 10

the difference between the images recieved through each eye as they view the world from a different angle. The closer an object is, the bigger the difference in the two images.

Question 11

gibson’s direct theory of perception

Answer 11

• perceptual abilities are innate and do not have to be learnt through experience.
• we have enough info to understand the world around us by using sensory information
• visual info such as light, texture and detail helps us make judgements about distance, movement and depth
• motion parallax is a monocular depth cue which helps us understand movment.
• it is a bottom up theory

Question 12

How is perception direct according to Gibson?

Answer 12

Gibson argues that the environment presents sufficient information to make sense of the world.

Question 13

role of motion parallax in everyday perception

Answer 13

type of depth perception cue in which objects that are closer, appear to move faster than objects that are far away.
- provides perceptual info about speed and distance

Question 14

Evaluate GIbsons theory of perception

Answer 14

D: cannot explain why perception is sometimes inaccurate, eg getting tricked by visual illusions, not a full explanation to perception
A; high ecological validity, he used evidence collected in real life settings such as using pilots than through lab experiments
D: conflicting evidence, evidence shows that factors such as expectation and culture affect perception. This challenges Gibson’s theory and suggests nuture plays a role.

Question 15

misinterpreted depth cues

Answer 15

wrongly applying the rules of depth perception

Question 16

ambiguity

Answer 16

when an object can equally be one thing or another

Question 17

fiction

Answer 17

creating something that isn’t really there to complete an image

Question 18

size constancy

Answer 18

keeping our orginal perception the size of an object, even when the info recieved by our eyes changes

Question 19

ponzo illusion

Answer 19

MISINTERPRETED DEPTH CUE. The horizontal line on top appears to be longer than the horizontal line towards the bottom, though they are the same length

Question 20

Muller-lyer illusion

Answer 20

MISINTERPRETED DEPTH CUE. The line with outgoing arrows is percieved to be longer than the line with ingoing arrows. Though the lengths of the lines are the same.

Question 21

Rubins vase illusion

Answer 21

AMBIGIOUS. You can percieve the image as a vase or as two faces.

Question 22

Ames Room

Answer 22

MDC and size constancy. The room is actually a trapezium but due to size constancy we thinks its a normal room. It makes it seem like one person is tiny whilst the other is massive.

Question 23

Gregory’s theory of perception

Answer 23

• perception is an active process because it involves drawing inferences
• perception is constructed using both sensations and stored knowledge
• we learn how to percieve as we interpret sensory info using what we already know
• stored knowledge and expectations come from past experiences
• perception gets more sophisticated as we get older
• we use visual cues to help percieve depth and distance
• mistakes in perception, such as being tricked by visual illusions, are the result of misinterpreting visual cues

Question 24

Why is perception contructivist according to Gregory?

Answer 24

Perception uses inferences from visual cues and past experience to construct a model of reality

Question 25

Gregory theory evaluation

Answer 25

A: explains why we percieve things wrong, like in visual illusions. HOWEVER, visual illusions are artificial and does not apply to the real world. They are also designed to trick you.
D: visual clifff, babies are born with ability to percieve HOWEVER they weren’t neonates so perhaps they learnt.
A: supporting research, people in different cultures do percieve things differently e.g. hudsons study.

Question 26

Factors affecting perception

Answer 26

perceptual set, culture, expectation, motivation and emotion

Question 27

Gilchrist and Nesburgs study of Motivation AIM

Answer 27

to investigate the effect food deprivation would have on the perception of food-related images.

Question 28

G and N study PARTICIPANTS

Answer 28

26 undergraduates. half seperated into the food deprived group (dont eat for 20 hours) or the non food deprived group (the control)

Question 29

G and N study PROCEDURE

Answer 29

Ppts were shown slides consisting of 4 meals, each shown for 15 seconds. The ppts were told it was a matching exercise. After each image was shown, the projecter turned off. Then, the image was shown again but dimmer than before. The ppts had to adjust the image so it looked the same as before.

Question 30

G and N study RESULTS

Answer 30

The food-deprived group adjusted to food images to be brighter than they originally were and the control group adjusted them to look like the original image.

Question 31

G and N study CONCLUSION

Answer 31

hunger is a motivating factor that affects perception

Question 32

G and N study EVALUATE

Answer 32

D: not ethical
D: low mundane realism, they told to adjust images of food rather than actual food, as well as the fact they adjusted brightness is odd.
S: supporting studies, Sanford found out that food-deprived people would percieve random pictures to present food, the longer they were deprived for, the more likely they were to percieve the image as food

Question 33

Bruner and Minturns study of expectation AIM

Answer 33

to investigate whether expectation had an effect on perception

Question 34

B and M study PARTICIPANTS

Answer 34

24 ppt and it was an independant gorup design

Question 35

B and M PROCEDURE

Answer 35

Half of the ppts were shown a series of numbers with an ambigious figure in the middle. Theother half were shown a series of letters with the same figure. The figure was a broken B that could be seen as either the letter B or number 13.

Question 36

B and M study RESULTS

Answer 36

most of the ppt who had been shown numbers drew a 13. Most of the ppts who were shown letters drew a B

Question 37

B and M study CONCLUSION

Answer 37

the ppts expectations had directly affected how they interpreted the ambigious figure. Shows that expectation affects perception.

Question 38

B and M study EVALUATION

Answer 38

D: artifical task, the ambigious simuli to test expectation is smth we dont do daily. stimuli was designed to trick ppts into making errors.
D: IGD, participant variables
S: real world applicaiton, explains how ppl make errors in daily life. supporting gregorys theory that perception is an active process in which the person cretes inferences to what they are seeing