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Psychology > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

1
Q

Lab studies (+) and (-)

A

(+) reduces EVs
(+) has standardised procedures, easy to replicate
(-) DCs present, ppl don’t behave normally, reduces validity
(-) tasks are artificial, lacks mundane realism

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2
Q

Field Study (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) reflect more real life, less DCs
(-) cannot control the EVs
(-) can’t get informed consent, ethical issues

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3
Q

Natural study (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) high in real life behaviour, ppl are behaving normally
(+) can research in areas that not ethically able to do

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4
Q

Repeated measures (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) removes ppt variables
(-) order effects (practice, boredom, fatigue)

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5
Q

how to overcome order effects in REPEATED MEASURES

A

with counterbalancing (RABBAM)
- half of the ppt should complete the conditions and the other half should complete the conditions in the opposite order

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6
Q

Independent group design (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) no order effects
(+) less DCs
(-) ppt variable
(-) need 2x ppt to complete the study

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7
Q

matched pairs (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) less ppt variable and no order effects
(-) takes long time to organise matching people on factors

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8
Q

matched pair study

A

pairs do 1 condition - allocated to a group based on a ppt variable that can influence the results, e.g. age or gender

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9
Q

repeated measures

A

all ppt recieve all levels of the IV

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10
Q

IGD

A

ppts only do one condition

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11
Q

Why do you need sampling methods

A

when doing a research we cant test everyone so we need to get a sample that represents our target population

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12
Q

random sampling how do

A

gather all the names from target pop and out it in a hat, then draw out a sample

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13
Q

random sampling (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) more representative or target population as all ppl have equal chance
(-) takes time to get all the names/a large list and not everyone will agree to it

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14
Q

Opportunity sample how

A

researcher asks ppl available at the time

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15
Q

Opportunity Sample (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) really easy to obtain sample; quick and simple
(-) not represenative of target population, harder to generalise
(-) researcher bias

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16
Q

systematic sampling how do

A

sample TP nth number and randomly select the start position

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17
Q

systematic sampling (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) reduces researcher bias
(-) takes time to set up and obtain list of TP

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18
Q

stratified sampling how do

A

ppt are selected from diffferent subgroups (stratas) in the TP in proportion to the stratas’s frequency in that population

19
Q

stratified sampling (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) most representative of TP, researcher identifies important sub groups and makes sure theyre represented.
(-) decisions in which subgroup to use may be biased, reducing the representativeness
(-) very lengthy process and not all the ppl will agree to take part

20
Q

who is BPS and what they do

A

british psychological society, they have rules researchers need to follow

21
Q

DRIP-C

A

Deception - debrief at end
Right to withdraw - written in consent form
Informed consent - consent form
Psychological harm - debrief
Confidentiality - use pseudonyms

22
Q

Interviews: structured

A

all questions same for everyone

23
Q

Interviews: semi-structured

A

most questions set at the start but the interviewer can ask extra questions

24
Q

interviews: unstructured

A

has starting question and the rest isn’t structured

25
Q

interviews (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) ability to gather high level of quality of data
(-) expensive, gotta pay interviewer (but can ask for clarification (+))
(-) ppl may be embarassed talking about themself

26
Q

Questionnaires (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) can be sent to thousands of people easy - gathering large amounts of data is cheap
(-) people may not answer them truthfully - social desirability bias

27
Q

Types of observation studies

A
  • naturalistic: observe ppl in natural environment
  • controlled: observe ppl in an artificial setting
  • covert: ppt arent aware theyre being observed
  • overt : ppl are aware they are being observed in advance
28
Q

naturalistic observation studies (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) less DCs
(-) subjective interpretation
(-) hard to control

29
Q

controlled observation studies (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) high control
(+) establish cause and effect
(-) risk of DCs

30
Q

Covert observation studies (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) less DCs
(-) ethical concerns, no consent

31
Q

Overt observation studies (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) less ethical concerns
(-) increased risk of DCs

32
Q

issues with observations

A

(+) may see behaviours people don’t report about
(-) observer bias

33
Q

Correlation study (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) research in areas that its not ethical to do experimental research in, e.g. child abuse and rate of divorce
(-) doesnt show cause and effect, may be other variables that are the cause
(-) can reverse correlation, e.g. low serotonin is linked to depression

34
Q

Case studies (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) can research areas you cant normally as they will be unethical
(-) only 1 person, have to gen with caution
(-) don’t know the behaviours of the person before the event

35
Q

quantitative data (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) easy to analyse, say whether data gathered is significant or not via statistical analysis
(+) since numeric, no subjective interpretation
(-) reducing behaviour or thoughts to a number lacks detail
(-) lack validity, doesn’t reflect the real world

36
Q

qualitative data (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) much more detailed as it gathers feelings
(+) seen as more valid
(-) hard to analyse and say whether a result is significant or not
(-) based on subjective interpretation

37
Q

Primary data (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) can gather data that suits the research they ar edoing
(-) takes a lot of time to set up as you have to actually carry out long time consuming research when you could just use someone else’s data

38
Q

Secondary data (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) much cheaper than primary as you don’t have to do a lot of time consuming research
(-) study you do may not exactly match the study done by another researcher, not good data
(-) data may be out of date

39
Q

range what and (+) and (-)’s

A

measures dispersion: how spread out data is
(+) easy to calcuate value, to measure dispersion
(-) easily distorted by outliers

40
Q

mean median and mode measure what

A

central tendency

41
Q

mean (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) takes into account all values hence all values are influenced
(-) is influenced by outliers

42
Q

Median (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) not affected by extrem scores as they dont influence middle values
(-) all values dont effect the mean so may not represent rue average

43
Q

mode (+) and (-)’s

A

(+) very easy to calculate
(-) unrepresentative of the set

Psychology (12 decks)

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