Perception

Question 1

Apperceptive Agnosia

Answer 1

Impairment due to deficits in perceptual processing.

• dorsal route
• view dependent
• bottom up processing
• where how

Question 2

Associative Agnosia -

Answer 2

Perception in tact except difficulties in accessing relevant knowledge about objects from memory.

• Oliver Saks glove example
• ventral
• view invariant - top down
• what

Question 3

Object Agnosia

Answer 3

Impaired object recognition but intact facial recognition

Question 4

Structural encoding

Answer 4

Various representations or descriptions of faces

Question 5

Expression analysis

Answer 5

An emotional state can be inferred from facial features

Question 6

Facial speech analysis

Answer 6

Speech perception can be aided by observing lip movements

Question 7

Directed visual processing

Answer 7

Special facial info may be processed selectively

Question 8

Face recognition units

Answer 8

Structural info about known faces

Question 9

Person identity nodes

Answer 9

Information about individuals (eg occupation, interests)

Question 10

Cog system

Answer 10

Contains additional info (eg actors tend to have attractive faces) and influences which other components receive attention

Question 11

Support

Answer 11

Double dissociation - across patients w an impairment on either face recognition or expression identification
- In a study, participants never reported putting a name to a face while knowing nothing else about that person

Question 12

Visual Agnosia

Answer 12

Impairment of visual object recognition despite otherwise preserved visual abilities

Question 13

Limitations

Answer 13

The model omits the first stage of processing (i.e., detecting that they‘re looking at a face)
Facial identity and facial expression may not be entirely independent
There may be multiple systems for facial expressions
The emotional system may play a far more integral role here

Question 14

Posed expressions

Answer 14

lack congruent feeling (i.e. happiness)

- lack congruent feeling (i.e. happiness)

Question 15

Spontaneous facial expressions

Answer 15

are known as “Duchenne” expressions.
Expressed with congruent feeling (i.e. feeling happy and smiling)
Uses the cingulate and basal ganglia.

Question 16

Visual mental imagery

Answer 16

occurs when a visual STM representation is present but the stimulus is not actually being viewed
Visual imagery is accompanied by the experience of “seeing with the mind‘s eye”

Question 17

Evidence of Interference

Answer 17

Baddeley and Andrade (2000)
Since visual imagery and spatial tapping are assumed to share the visual buffer, doing both simultaneously should impair performance

Question 18

Gibson - Direct Perception

Answer 18

Suggested that perceptual information is used primarily in the organisation of action
Held that perception and action are closely intertwined
One influences the other without any need for complex cognitive processing
Took an ecological approach in this direct theory of perception

Question 19

Optic Flow

Answer 19

Optic flow field as a pilot comes in to land, with the focus of expansion in the middle.

Question 20

Affordances

Answer 20

Potential uses of objects (graspable v non-graspable)
Perceived directly
Participants are quicker to make grasping movements to objects that can be grasped

Question 21

Strengths

Answer 21

Emphasized the interaction between perception and action

Captured the DORSAL vision-for-action system before it became common

Question 22

Limitations

Answer 22

Processes involved in perception are much more complicated than implied by Gibson
Largely ignored the vision-for-perception (VENTRAL) system
Does not fully capture all the relevant sources of information

Question 23

Glover

Answer 23

Planning-Control Model

Question 24

Planning System

Answer 24

Mostly used before initiation of movement
Selects an appropriate target
Decides how the object will be grasped
Determines the timing of the movement
Uses both spatial and non-spatial information
Relatively slow
Planning depends on:
A visual representation located in the inferior parietal lobe
Motor processes in the frontal lobes and basal ganglia

Question 25

Control System

Answer 25

Used after the planning system to ensure that movements are accurate Influenced by the target object‘s spatial characteristics Relatively fast Control depends on: A visual representation located in the superior parietal lobe Motor processes in the cerebellum The model is supported in several ways by many experimental findings It is probable that the two systems interact in very complex ways in performing many kinds of actions

Question 26

Monkeys | Mirror Neuron System

Answer 26

Formed of neurons activated when animals perform an action and when they observe another performing the same action Facilitates imitation and understanding others‘ actions Area F5 and superior temporal sulcus in monkeys

Question 27

Humans | Mirror Neuron System

Answer 27

Regions that respond similarly to performing an action or watching others perform it: Ventral premotor cortex Anterior intraparietal cortex Superior intraparietal cortex However, these are entire areas, NOT neurons The human mirror neuron system has yet to be detected on the neuronal level

Question 28

Understanding Intentions

Answer 28

Conditions Intention Display: 1. Drinking out of a cup 2. Washing a cup Action Display: Hands grasping the cup as above, but w/o the context that might determine the intention Content Display: Same contexts as the intention condition but no grasping Results More activity was observed in brain areas forming part of the mirror neuron sys. In the intention vs. action condition

Question 29

Change blindness

Answer 29

The surprising failure to detect a substantial visual change

Question 30

Left vs. right hemisphere processing of perception | LEFT

Answer 30

``` DETAILS Verbal Analytic High spatial frequency Cognitive appreciation of emotions rational/stable ```

Question 31

Left vs. right hemisphere processing of perception (RIGHT)

Answer 31

``` GESTALT Visuospatial/Perceptual Holistic/Syncretic Low spatial frequency Emotions as feelings ```

Question 32

Vision for Perception Issue

Answer 32

Visual Agnosia: can see but cannot recognize or interpret visual information, due to a disorder in the parietal lobes. Ventral Pathway lesion

Question 33

Vision for Action Issue

Answer 33

``` Optic Ataxia (Bálint syndrome): restriction of visual attention to single objects and a paucity of spontaneous eye movements. Bálint noted inaccurate reaching of the man's right hand Dorsal Pathway lesion ```

Question 34

VENTRAL

Answer 34

``` Object perception (what?) form and color processing Vision-for-perception allocentric perception is more based on object in environment; not self viewpoint invariant usually conscious; fast ```

Question 35

DORSAL

Answer 35

motion processing vision-for-action egocentric perception is based on orientation of viewer’s body viewpoint dependent (orientation is important) usually unconscious (don’t think how to reach for something)