perception exam Flashcards
(206 cards)
1
Q
three methods of studying
A
physiological (harware)
cognitive (software)
psychophysical (report)
2
Q
neurons
A
units of processing
3
Q
synapse
A
gap between 2 neurons
4
Q
firing rate
A
firing rate, not strength of each action potential carries info
5
Q
localization of function
A
where in the brain particular info is processed
6
Q
sensory coding
A
HOW feature of envrionment are represented
7
Q
lesion studies
A
if a certain part of brain is damaged and particular ability disappears then that part of the brain is normally involved in this particular ability
8
Q
single cell recording technique
A
insert a small probe that can detect electric actiivty
- measures the neurons response to preceigic stimuli
- gives precise info about timing and location but only in narrow brain regions
9
Q
neuroimaging technique
A
detects specific functions for broader areas of brain, activity corresponds to different perceptual tasks
- ex fMRI
10
Q
fMRI
A
functional magnetic resonance imaging
- measures the changes in blood flow that support increased neural activity
- note: blood flow increases shortly after the moment when neurons get more active
- tells precisely where brain activity occurs across a broad area, but is somewhat imprecise about timing
11
Q
EEG
A
Electro-encephalography
- measures electrical activity through the skalp and skull
- very percise abuot timing across a broad area
less precise about location
12
Q
sensory stimulus
A
energy that impinges on your sense (ex light)
- results in sensroy input (E.g., visual image)
13
Q
sensroy CUE
A
a signal you extract from sensroy input
- indicates some property of the world (ex. that is my friend)
14
Q
stimulus vs. cue
A
the stimulus that strikes a sense organ is not the same thing as the cue your brain uses to perceive things
15
Q
cue integration
A
perceptual systems use a variety of cues, integrating information form different sources
16
Q
do we perceive reality directly?
A
perception constructs a reality for the perceiver
- systematic relation between it and the external world, or else we would not survive
- so no
17
Q
psychodynamics
A
determining quantitative relationships between physical stimulus (external) and perception (internal psychological)
18
Q
gustav fechner epiphany
A
quantitative relationship between mind (mental sensation) and body (material/physical stimulus
19
Q
absolute threshold
A
smallest amount of stimulus energy necessary for the observer to detect a stimulus
- smaller the difference between two stimulus the harder it will be to detect
- not all or nothing
20
Q
inhibit
A
stop something from happening
- activity in one neuron can increase or decrease activation in another neuron
21
Q
sequence of light entering the eye
A
light rays
ganglion cells
amacrine cells
bipolar cells
horizontal cells
receptors
22
Q
curcuits
A
information is analyzed, interpreted, transformed so that the resulting signal is easier for perceptual systm to understnad
23
Q
neuron B
A
circuit with excitation, convergence and inhibition leads to neurons B which responds best to a bar of medium-length light
24
Q
receptive fields
A
region of tertina that when stimulated, influences firing rate of a particular neuron
- could make neurons fore more (Excitation) or less (inhibition)
25
center-surround receptive fields
are characteristics of retinal ganglionic cells and LGN ( low-level visual processing
- excitatory center, inhibitory surround: common
- inhibitory-center, excitatory -surround: also exists
26
specific coding
representation of a specific stimulus by the firing of a neuron specialized to respond to just it
27
population coding
representation of a specific sitmuli by pattern of firing of many neurons
- each neuron firing to each face, but by different amounts
28
sparse coding
- a particular object is represented by a pattern of firing in a small number of neurons
29
wavelength
distance between two peak of the electromagnetic wave
30
eye accommodation
lens changes shape so that images of nearby objects are not blurry on the retina
- cilairy muscles are what change the shape of the lens
31
transduction
the transformation of one form of energy to another
- nervous system con\verts patterns of physical energy (light) into neural events (photoreceptor electrical signal)
32
dark adaptation
increase in sensitivity that occurs when illumination changes from light to dark
33
two systems of dark adaptation
- faster stage due to adaptation of cones
- slower stage cue to adaptation of rods
34
rod-cone break
when lights go off, sensitivity of both rods and cones begins increase
- cones control vision from 4 minutes to max sensitivity
- rods from 30 minutes to max sensitivity
- after 7 minutes, rod control is dominant (more sensitive)
35
short wavelegnth colour
blue
36
long wavelength colour
red
37
medium wavelength colour
green
38
convergence
more than one neuron sends signals to another neuron
- rod convergence more than cones so rods are more sensitive
39
inverse projection problem
the idea that the image that is projected onto the retina could be any number of objects because it is not the retina that specifies that stimulus therefore the image on the retina is ambiguous
40
occludes
obscures the sight of an object
41
viewpoint invariance
the ability to recognize an objectseen from different angles or viewpoints
42
perceptual organization
the process of grouping and segregating elements in a persons visual field to create a percpetion
43
gestalt psychologists
tries to answer how are configurations formed from smaller elements
44
structuralism
distinguished between sensations and perceptions, more complex consciousness, sensations combine tocreate complex percpetions
- rejected by gestalt psychologists
45
frankfort wertheimer
came up with the idea of apparent movement
46
apparent movement
the illusion of movement cuased by two objects being presented rapidly one after another
47
conclusions of apparent movement
- apparent movement cant be explained by sensation alone because there is nothing in the dark space between the flashes of light (this is why they reject structuralism)
- the whole is different than the sum of its parts because the perceptual system creates the perception of movement when there actually is non
48
illusory contours
when you perceive an object in the outline of other objects even though its not actually there
49
gastalt principles of perceptual organization
describes how elements in a scene become grouped together
- the principle of good continuation
- the principle of pragnanz or principle of simplicity
-principle of similarities
-principle of proximity
- principle of common fate
-principle of common region
- principle of uniform connectedness
-percpectual segregation
50
the principle of good continuation
- points that when connected result in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together and the lines tend to be seen in such a way as to follow the smoothest path
51
the principle of pragnanz or the principle of simplicity
every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible
- ex. seeing the Olympic symbol as 5 circles instead of a bunch of complicated symbols
52
principle of similarieties
similar thigns seem to be grouped together
53
principle of proximity
things that are near each other appear to be grouped together
54
principle of common fate
thigns that are moving in the same direction appear to be grouped together
55
principle of common region
elements that are within the same region of space appear to be grouped together
56
principle of uniform connectedness
a connected region of the same visual properties such as lightness colour texture or motion is perceived as a single unit
57
perceptual segregation
the perceptual segregation of one object from another
- figure ground segregation
- reversible figure-grreound
58
recognition of components theory
objects are comprised of individua geometric components called geons and we recognize objects based on the arrangement of those geons
59
global image features
information that may enable observers to rapidly perceive the gist of a scene, includes:
- degree of naturalness, apenness, roughness, expansion, and colour
60
degree of naturalness
natural scense such as the ocean or forest have texture zones and undulating contours that tell us they are natural whereas men made things have straight and sharp lines
61
degree of openness
open scenes like the ocean have a visual horizon line and contain few objects
62
degree of roughness
smooth scenes like the ocean contain fewer small elements while roughness like a forest contain many small elements and are more complex
63
degrees of expansion
convergence of parallel lines like when you look down a train track that appear to vanish in the distance indicates a high degree of expansion
64
degree of colour
some scenes have characteristic colours like the ocean being blue and forests being green and brown
65
physical regularities in the environment
physical regularities in the environment
- ex. there are more vertical and horizontal orientations in the environment than oblique orientations which occur more in man made environments
66
semantic regularities in the environment
meaning of a scene
- ex. perparation, cooking and perhaps eating occur in a kitchen
therefore the characteristics associated with activities that are common in different typeso f scenes
67
bayesian ingerence
the idea that our estimate of the probability of an outcome is determined by two factors
- the prior probability which is our initial estimate of the probability of an outcome
- the extent to which the available evidence is consistent with the out come
68
predictive coding
a thoery that describes how the brian uses our past experiences to predict what we will perceive
- pretty much our brains determine whether what were seeing matches with what we expect to see
69
brain responses to objects and faces
the ventral ("what") pathway, extends from the occipital lobe into the temporal lobe and is involved in recognizing object
70
lateral occipital complex (LOC)
active when the person views any kind of object such as an animal, face, house, or tool
- but not when viewing textures or an object with the parts scrambled
- also does not differentiate between types of objects like faces vs. other objects
71
fusiform face area (FFA)
specialized to respond to faces
- damage here cases prosopagnosia - dificulty recognizing the faces of familiar people
72
use of amygdala in identifying faces
emotional reactions (face expressions) and familiarity (cuases more activity in the amygdala)
73
use of frontal lobe in identifying faces
evaluation of attractiveness
74
use of superior temporal salcus in identifying faces
identifies gaze direction, mouth movement, general face movement
75
Extrastriate body area (EBA)
activated by pictures of bodies and parts of bodies but not by faces or other objects
76
parahippocampal place area (PPA)
area in the temporal lobe that responds to places but not objects or faces
77
binocular rivalry
when both eyes are viewing a completely different image that the brain cannot process both at once so the brain has to pick either the left or right eye image
78
attention
the process that results in certain sensory infomration being selectively processed over other information
79
overt attention
occurs when you move your eyes from one place to another to focus on a particular object or location
80
covert atttention
you shift your attention without moving your eyes
81
dichotic listening
presenting different stimuli to the left and right ears
82
cocktail party effect
the ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out the other
83
spatial attention
attention to a specific location
84
illusory conjunction
illusory combination of features that are perceived when stimuli containing a number of features are presented briefly and under conditions in which focused attention is difficult
85
feature integration theory (FIT)
processing happens in two stages - one conscious and one unconscious
- proposed that the first step in processing an object is in the preattentive stage
- second stage focused attention stage, attention becomes involved and conscious perception occurs (involving a processed called binding where features are combined
86
fixation
each time you cease moving your eyes to look at something
87
saccadic eye movements
rapid jerky movement from one fixation to the next
88
corollary discharge theory
the theory that explains motion perception as being determined both by movement of the image on the retina and the signals that indicate movement of the eyes
89
motor signal (MS)
occurs hwen a signal to move the eye is sent from the brain to the eye is sent from the brain to the eye muscles
90
corollary discharge signal (CDS)
is a copy of the motor signal, so occurs whenever there is a motor signal
91
the image displacement isgnal IDS
occurs when an image moves across the retina, as happens when movement of the eye causes the iamge of a stationary scene to sweep across the retina
92
comparator
brain structure that when only the corollary discharge signal or the image displacement signal reaches it, movement is perceived, but when both signals reach the comparator, no movement is perceived because both the CD and IDS reach the comparator when the eye scans a scene
93
predictive remapping of attention
the process where attention begins to shift towards a target just before the eye begins moving toward it, enabling the perceiver to experience a stable, coherent scene
94
visual salience
characteristics such as bright colour, high contrast and highly visible orientations that cuase stimuli to stand out and therefore attract attention
95
attentional capture
situation in which properties of a stimulus grab attention, seemingly against a persons will
96
saliency map
a map of a visual display that takes into account characteristics of the display such as colour, contrast and oritentation that are associated with capturing attention
97
scene schemas
an observers knowledge about what is contained in typical scenes
98
attention speed response
same object advantage
- faster responding that occurs when enhancement spreads within an object. faster reaction time occur when a target islcoated within the object that is receiving the subjects attention, even if the subject is looking at another place within the object
99
inattentional blindness
a situation in which a stimulus that is not attended is not perceived, even though the person is looking directly at it
100
change blindness
difficulty is detecting differences between two visual stimuli that are presented one after another, often with short black stimulus interposed between them. also occurs when part of a stimulus changes very slowly
101
continuity error
when changes happen from one scene to another but are rarely seen
102
disorders of attention
-spatial neglect
- extinction
- preattentive processing
103
spatial neglect
neurological condition due to damage
- when your brain ignores all stimulus on one side of your visual field
104
extinction disorder
often accompanies neglect
- lack of awareness of what is happening in one side of the visual field
105
preattentive processing
hidden processing that happens within a fraction of a second, below ones level of awareness
106
event boundary
the point in time when each event ends and the next one begins
107
jeffrey zacks
concluded that the perception of movement plays an important role in separating activities into meaning ful events
108
illusory motion
perception of the motion of sitmuli that arent actually moving
109
three types of illusory motion
- apparent motion
- induced motion
- motion aftereffects
110
apparent motion
the motion we think we see from two stationary images moving back and forth really quickly so that we think they are moving but actually aren't
111
induced motion
when motion of one object (usually a larger one) causes a nearby stationary object to appear to move
112
motion aftereffects
occurs when viewing a moving stimulus cuases a stationary sitmulus to appear to move
ex. look at a waterfall for a few seconds and then look off to the side, the trees will look like they are moving even though they are not moving
113
optic array
the structure created by the surfaces, textures, and contours of the environment
114
local disturbance in the optic array
occurs when one objects moves relative to the environment, so that the stationary background is covered and uncovered by the moving object. this local disturbance indicates that the object is moving relative to the environmentg
115
global optic flow
the fact that everything moves at once in reopens to movement of the observers eye or body
116
Reichardt detector
a neural circuit in which signals cuased by movement of a stimulus across the receptors are processed by the delay unit and an output unit so that signals are generated by movement in one direction but not in the opposite direction
117
middle temporal area (MT)
contains many directionally selective neurons
118
transcranial magnetic sitmuluation
can temporarilty disrupt the normal functioning of neurons
119
microstimulation
done by lowering a small wire electrode into the cortex and passing a weak electrical charge thorugh the tip to force a sitmulus
120
aperture problem
occurs when only a portion of a moving stimulus can be seen as when the stimuli is viewed through a narrow aperture or through the field of view of a neurons receptive field. this can result in misleading information about the direction in which the stimulus is moving
121
shortest path constraint
the principle that apparent movement ends to occur along the shortest path between two stimuli
122
cerebral achromatopsia
colour blindness
123
selective reflection
when an object reflects some wavelengths of the spectrum more than others ( produces colour)
124
achrmatic colours
occurs when light is reflected equally across the spectrum - white grey and black
125
reflectance curves
a plot showing the percentage of life reflected from an object versus wavelengthsle
126
selective transmition
the oclour of things that are transparent suc has liquid plastics and glass
-means only one wavelengths pass through the object or substance
127
transmission curves
plots of the percentage of light transmitted at each wavelengthmix
128
mixing paints
both paints still absorbe the same wavelengths they absorbed when they were alone, so the only wavelengths reflected are those that are reflected by both paints in common
129
mixing light
all of the light that is reflected from the surface by each light when alone is alos reflected hwen the lights are superimposed
130
trichromany of colour vision
states that colour vision depends on the activity of three different receptor mechanismscolour
131
measuring the characteristics of cone receptors
- microspectrophotometry - found 3 types of cones
- adaptive optical imaging - made possible to look into an eye and see how receptors are arranged
- aberrations - imperfections in the cornea and lens that distort light on its way to the retina
132
metamerism
the situation in which two physically different wavelength distribution that are perceived as having the same colour
133
metamers
two lights that have idfferent wavelength distributiosn but are perceptually identical
134
monochromatism
colour blindness - see in only shades of black and white
- usually have no functioning cons
135
principle of univariance
once a photon of light is absorbed by a visual pigment molecule the identify of the lights wavelength is lost
136
dichromacy
can see colour but can get colours mixed up
137
three major forms of dichromatism
- protanopiam
- deuteranopia
- tritanopia
138
protanopia
missing the long wavelength pigment (red) as a result perceive short-wave short wavelengths as blue and as the wavelengthsi ncrease, the blue becoems less and less saturated
139
deuteranopia
missing the medium wavelength pigments (green)
- perceives turquoise as short wavelengths and yellow as long wavelengths
140
tritanopia
missing short wavelength
- blue as short wavelength red as long - cant see purple, green is seen as blue, yellow is seen as white
141
cues
peices of information available in the external world
142
convergence
eyes move inwards so image ofn earby objects fall on both fovea
143
oculomotor depth cues
can perceive depth due to eye muscles
- accommodation
- convergence -
144
monomcular depth cues
pictorial cues
occlusion
relative size
familair size
atmospheric perceptive
- movement produced cues (motion parallax, deletion and accretion)
145
occlusion
one object can get in the way of the other which tells us which one is in front
146
relative size
we know that all tennis balls are the same size so if onelooks smaller we know its farther away
147
familair size
when we know the size of different objects we can use the information to tell us how far away it is from you
148
atmospheric perception
distant objects are less clear to us because we are looking through more air whereas something closer is seen much sharper
149
motion parallax
nearby objects move faster than further away objects
150
delection and accretion
object or observer move and objects behind disappear and reappear
151
wheatstones stereoscope
created a sense of depth by putting together 2 slightly idfferent photos of the same scene, like two cameras taking the same picture a few inches apart
152
stereopsis
an impression of depth
- you brain compares the images seen frmo your right and left eye and use the idfference to infer depth
153
horopter
imaginary circle that psses through the point of fixation
154
physiology of depth perception
neurons called binocular depth cells or disparity - selective cells respond to specific degrees of disparity
- if theres not disparity then the two images on the retinas are not lined uphe
155
head crusher
failsto experience size constancy - only notices retina size - so assumes fingers and dudes head are same distance away
156
retina image size
as a person walks away the size of their image gets smaller but your percpetion of thier distance gets larger
157
size constancy
when we correctly perceive objects physical size to remain constant despite varying distnace and retina image
158
size -distance scaling
taking objects distance into account when estimating its physical size
159
muller-layer illusion
two veritcal lines samel ength but one looks longer than the other sue to the direction of the arrows attached
- example of conflicting cues theoy
160
ponzo illusion
views two of the same animals on an image to be different sizes in different locations even though they are the same size
161
Ames room illusion
equally sized people look different sizes because of rooms distorted shape
162
apparent distance theory
horizon moon appears farther away because it viewed across filled terrain w depth into whereas the elevated moon only has empty space between
163
loudness
perceptual experience
164
amplitude
physical aspect of external tone stimulus
165
pitch
how high or low the tone sounds
166
pitch _____, loudness _______
frequency, amplitude
167
pitch ______, frequency _______
percpetual, physical
168
fourier analysis
can break down any complex tone into a set of simple sine-wave componentsc
169
complex tones
periodic pressure changes repeat in a regular pattern
170
rangeo f hearing
20-20,000Hz
171
timbre
when tow tones w same loudness and pitch sound different
-ex. different instruments
172
parts of the outer ear
pinna
auditory canal
173
parts of the middle ear
eardrum
-incus
-stapes
-maleus
174
parts of inner ear
oval window
semicircular canal
auditory nerve
cochlea
round window
175
timing theory
when the stapes push against the oval window it moves back and forth causing the liquid to slosh around causing a traveling wave which then moves the hairs that when they are bent in one direction create an electrical signal
176
flaw in timing theory
doesnt always work because high frequencies fire faster and due to the refractory period it doesnt happen fast enoughp
177
place theory
different frequencies activate receptors in different locations within the basilar membrane
- low frequency = apex
- high frequency = basea
178
age related hearing loss
lose sensitivity to high frequencies first
- becuase the base of htear is exposed to all sounds whereas the apex receives only low freqeuncies
179
biaral
involving both ears
180
monaural
involving only one ear
181
interaural differences
difference between input onf the right vs left ear
182
three thigns we need to hear the direction of a sound
azimuth - horizontal
distance - away from you
elevation - vertical
183
interaural tiem difference (ITD)
the idfference btween when a sound reaches the left vs. right ear
184
why is interaural time difference (ITD) important
effective cue for localizing LOW frequency sounds
-helps you find azimuth - horizontal location
185
interaural level difference (ILD)
the difference in the sound intensity between the right vs. left ear
186
why is interaural level difference (ILD) important
effective cue for localizing HIGH frequency sounds
187
spectral cue
we hear things differently based on whether they are coming from above or below use due to the reflection of sound on our pina before entering the auditory canal - gives a senses of elevation
188
auditory WHAT pathwys
anterior part of the core and belt - identifying sounds
189
auditory WHERE pathways
starts in posterior part of cortext and belt -used for locatingvo
190
vowels
formants
191
consonents
formant transitions
192
phonemes
shortest segments of speech sound which, if you change it, change the meaning of a word
193
voice onset time (VOT)
the amount of time in takes to say a word
194
all sounds with longer VOTS
perceived as ta
195
all sounds with short VOTS
perceived as da
196
information provided by face
if the auditory of a sound is one third and the visual shows another sound, a person will hear what the person is mouthing rather than the actual sound
197
transitional probabilities
chance that one sound will follow another sound
198
brocas area
frontal lobe - damage hurts production of speech
199
wernickes area
in temporal lobe - damage hurts comprehension
200
cutaneous sensations
percpetions such as touch and pain
201
proprioception
position of the body and limbs
202
kinesthesis
movement of the body and limbs
203
marzenich
1. mapped out representation of finders in monkey somatosensory cortex
2. stimulated particular area of skin
3. re-measure representation/map
- expansion of cortical area receiving signals from receptors in that area of skin
204
nociceptors
receptors that respond to tissue damage (actual or potential)
205
types of pain
- inflammatory: damage to tissue, inflamation of joints
- neuropathic: damage to parts of nervous system
206
