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Sensorimotor exam Flashcards

1
Q

postural control

A

involves controlling the body’s position in space for origination and stability

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2
Q

postural orientation (balance)

A

ability to maintain an appropriate relationship between body segments and between body and environment

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3
Q

center of pressure

A

a point location of the verticle ground reaction force vector
or
a weighted average of all pressures over the surface area in contact with the ground

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4
Q

task

A

rely on steady-state, reactive, or proactive balance

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5
Q

individual

A

affects the way sensory, motor and cognitive systems are organized

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6
Q

environment

A

affected by support surface, sensory context and cognitive load

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7
Q

musculoskeletal

A

joint ROM, flexibility, muscle properties, linked body segments

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8
Q

adaptive (posture control)

A

involves modifying sensory and motor systems in response to a changing task or environmental demand

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9
Q

anticipatory (postural control)

A

pre-tuned sensory and motor systems for postural demands based on previous experiences and learning

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10
Q

alignment

A

allows body to maintain in equalibrium with the least expenditure of internal energy

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11
Q

muscle tone

A

force with which a muscle resists being lengthened (stiffness)

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12
Q

loading and unloading

A

the shifting of pressure form one foot to the other in quite stance

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13
Q

error signal

A

the distance between COP and COM

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14
Q

adaptation

A

postural synergies are refined by demand of task and environment

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15
Q

APA

A

anticipatory postural adjustments

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16
Q

preparatory pahse (APA)

A

postural muscles are activated > 50 ms before prime mover muscles
- compensates in advance for destabilizing effects of movement

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17
Q

compensatory phase (APA)

A

postural muscles are activated after prime movers to stabilize the body

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18
Q

romberg quotient

A

a test done where the participant sways with eyes open and then closed
- used to see how much someone is relying on vision for balance

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19
Q

tandom Romberg stance

A

standing with one foot in front of the other, heel to toe touching

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20
Q

two theories of sensory contributions

A
  1. we treat all sensory systems equal
  2. the sensroy system can regulate how much each system is used
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21
Q

sensory reweighting

A

CNS modifying how it uses sensory info for balance control
- not alway using equal amounts of sensory input, instead using what is needed.

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22
Q

dual tasking paradigm

A

tests extent thatperfrmoance of one task interferes with a second task
- determines amount of shared resources

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23
Q

brainstem and spinal cord (purpose for posture)

A
  • adjust and coordinate behaviour
  • autonomic responses
  • higher level of control
  • adjust muscle tone
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24
Q

cerebellum ( purpose for posture)

A
  • coordination of muscles
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25
basal ganglia (purpose for posture)
- quick initiation of movements - quick adaptations - coordinate medial-lateral stability
26
cortex ( purpose for posture)
- adaptive postural control (anticipatory) -visual contributions
27
motor milestone
development of postural control in predictable sequences of motor behaviour
28
law of developed directions
head to pelvis or proximal to iddstal
29
traditional reflex/hierarchical theory
reflexes needed for human action to emerge
30
systems theory
development is more than maturation of reflexes - actions emerge from children interacting with thier environmnet
31
ATNR (assymmetric tonic neck reflex)
baby turns head to one side, limbs on that side outstretch, opposite limbs bend
32
STNR (symmetric tonic neck reflex)
(when held facing down) - head angled up, arms straight down, legs bent
33
optic righting (ORR)
baby is held on a diagonal, no blindfolded, will tilt their head so it is not on a diagonal even when the rest of the body is - visual righting
34
labyrinthine righting (LRR)
baby held at a diagonal, blingfolded, still tilts head up so head is not on a diagonal - vestibular righting
35
body-on-head righting (BOH)
baby is laying stomach down at the edge of a table, head and arms are over the edge, baby will tilt head up and bend back to stay lifted above the edge - proprioceptive input
36
general movement assessment
measure of spontaneous movement patterns in children < 18 weeks
37
disfunction
one or more subsystems are not contributing - the reason why we might not see 3 day old's using optic flow information even though we are born with it.
38
motor coordination
emergence of the ability to sit independently, requires coordination of multiple muscles to control head and trunk4
39
stages of sitting balance development
- collapse -rise and fall - wobble - funcational2
40
mechanisms of control(2)
1. exploratory: investigation of sensorimotor work space for postural contorl 2. reformatory: uses sensory info to control posture
41
common factors of reaccuring falls
1. poor balance control (structural) 2. impaired functional mobility (functional)
42
elderly postural changes
- head forward - kyphosis ( hunchback) - lordosis (lumbar forward) - hip flexion - knee flexion
43
static balance
all forces acting on body are balanced and remains in an intended position
44
dynamic balance
summed forces of body allow body to move in a controlled manner
45
main subsystems involved in balance
- perception of orientation - sensory organization - environmental adaptations - musculoskeletal systems - motor coordination - predictive central set
46
role of vision vision
provides info on orientation and motion of body WRT space/environment
47
vestibular
senses linear and angular acceleration of head and head with respect to gravity
48
1A afferents
detect the muscle length changes
49
co-activation
when all muscle tighten up - seen in elderly - and people scared of heights
50
central set
higher level predictive processing of CNS that sends down commands to sensory and motor systems to prepare for anticipatory or voluntary movements
51
three requirements for successful locomotion
1. progression 2. postural control 3. adaptation
52
ipsilateral
the foot on the ground during gait cycle when perturbed
53
contralateral
the foot not on the ground during gait cycle when perturbed
54
visually activated gait
modify gait in response to potential threats to stability
55
5 complex changes responsible for systems theory:
- change in musculoskeletal system - development of motor coordination strategies - development of individual sensory systems -development of sensory strategies for organizing - development of cognitive resources and strategies
56
types of balance tests for the elderly
- static unperturbed - static perturbed - unpreterbed voluntary - perturbed voluntary
57
purpose of static unpreturbed balance test
- measure amount of time psoture is maintained - cannot identify mechanisms that contribute to age-related changes
58
purpose of static perturbed balance test
- looks at ability to maintain upright posture following perturbation - sheds like on mechanisms elderly use to maintain balance
59
purpose of unpreturbed voluntary movement test
- looks at ability to make anticipatory postural adjustments - reflexs CNS ability to effectively integrate postural and voluntary movements - helps identify fallers
60
perturbed voluntary movements
helps identify age-related differences ensures proper execution of intended movementc
61
changes to somatosensory in elderly
- decreased sense of virbations in lower limbs - decreased proprioception - decreased tactile sensation
62
changes in vision in elderly
- decrease visual acuitity - decreased visual field - decreased depth perception - decreased contrast sensitivity - decreased ambient vision (sensitivity to moving objects and self motion) - decreased
63
effects of visual flow on postural responses of unstable older adults
- larger relianceo nvision continuing COP oscillations after movement stopped - larger TA activity = more sway - not understanding how to control muscles appropriotately to visual perturbations
64
vestibular deficits in older adults
- plays a role in resolving sensroy conflict - unable to suppress unreliable visual or properioceptive inputs changes happen due to decrease nerve fibers and decreased hair cells
65
muscle response sunergies in elderly
- as we age mylination decrease which is what causes the delay in 1A afferents - causes the delay in activations of musclse (20ms) - co-activation is also seen in elderly
66
elderly stepping strategies
- tend to use more hip strategies for smaller perturbations than YA - more likely to change BOS when perturbed even if it is unnecessary or unsafe - even though takes mroe attention and takes longer to initiate movement
67
phases of gait
stance - initial, loading, mid, terminal, pre-swing swing - initial, mid, terminal swing -
68
progression changes
modifying force generation strategies to move the body in desired direction
69
postural control changes
involves using both reactive and proactive strategies

research methods (13 decks)

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