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research methods > Sensorimotor exam > Flashcards

Sensorimotor exam Flashcards

1
Q

postural control

A

involves controlling the body’s position in space for origination and stability

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2
Q

postural orientation (balance)

A

ability to maintain an appropriate relationship between body segments and between body and environment

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3
Q

center of pressure

A

a point location of the verticle ground reaction force vector
or
a weighted average of all pressures over the surface area in contact with the ground

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4
Q

task

A

rely on steady-state, reactive, or proactive balance

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5
Q

individual

A

affects the way sensory, motor and cognitive systems are organized

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6
Q

environment

A

affected by support surface, sensory context and cognitive load

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7
Q

musculoskeletal

A

joint ROM, flexibility, muscle properties, linked body segments

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8
Q

adaptive (posture control)

A

involves modifying sensory and motor systems in response to a changing task or environmental demand

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9
Q

anticipatory (postural control)

A

pre-tuned sensory and motor systems for postural demands based on previous experiences and learning

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10
Q

alignment

A

allows body to maintain in equalibrium with the least expenditure of internal energy

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11
Q

muscle tone

A

force with which a muscle resists being lengthened (stiffness)

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12
Q

loading and unloading

A

the shifting of pressure form one foot to the other in quite stance

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13
Q

error signal

A

the distance between COP and COM

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14
Q

adaptation

A

postural synergies are refined by demand of task and environment

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15
Q

APA

A

anticipatory postural adjustments

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16
Q

preparatory pahse (APA)

A

postural muscles are activated > 50 ms before prime mover muscles
- compensates in advance for destabilizing effects of movement

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17
Q

compensatory phase (APA)

A

postural muscles are activated after prime movers to stabilize the body

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18
Q

romberg quotient

A

a test done where the participant sways with eyes open and then closed
- used to see how much someone is relying on vision for balance

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19
Q

tandom Romberg stance

A

standing with one foot in front of the other, heel to toe touching

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20
Q

two theories of sensory contributions

A
  1. we treat all sensory systems equal
  2. the sensroy system can regulate how much each system is used
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21
Q

sensory reweighting

A

CNS modifying how it uses sensory info for balance control
- not alway using equal amounts of sensory input, instead using what is needed.

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22
Q

dual tasking paradigm

A

tests extent thatperfrmoance of one task interferes with a second task
- determines amount of shared resources

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23
Q

brainstem and spinal cord (purpose for posture)

A
  • adjust and coordinate behaviour
  • autonomic responses
  • higher level of control
  • adjust muscle tone
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24
Q

cerebellum ( purpose for posture)

A
  • coordination of muscles
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25
Q

basal ganglia (purpose for posture)

A
  • quick initiation of movements
  • quick adaptations
  • coordinate medial-lateral stability
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26
Q

cortex ( purpose for posture)

A
  • adaptive postural control (anticipatory)
    -visual contributions
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27
Q

motor milestone

A

development of postural control in predictable sequences of motor behaviour

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28
Q

law of developed directions

A

head to pelvis or proximal to iddstal

29
Q

traditional reflex/hierarchical theory

A

reflexes needed for human action to emerge

30
Q

systems theory

A

development is more than maturation of reflexes
- actions emerge from children interacting with thier environmnet

31
Q

ATNR (assymmetric tonic neck reflex)

A

baby turns head to one side, limbs on that side outstretch, opposite limbs bend

32
Q

STNR (symmetric tonic neck reflex)

A

(when held facing down)
- head angled up, arms straight down, legs bent

33
Q

optic righting (ORR)

A

baby is held on a diagonal, no blindfolded, will tilt their head so it is not on a diagonal even when the rest of the body is
- visual righting

34
Q

labyrinthine righting (LRR)

A

baby held at a diagonal, blingfolded, still tilts head up so head is not on a diagonal
- vestibular righting

35
Q

body-on-head righting (BOH)

A

baby is laying stomach down at the edge of a table, head and arms are over the edge, baby will tilt head up and bend back to stay lifted above the edge
- proprioceptive input

36
Q

general movement assessment

A

measure of spontaneous movement patterns in children < 18 weeks

37
Q

disfunction

A

one or more subsystems are not contributing
- the reason why we might not see 3 day old’s using optic flow information even though we are born with it.

38
Q

motor coordination

A

emergence of the ability to sit independently, requires coordination of multiple muscles to control head and trunk4

39
Q

stages of sitting balance development

A
  • collapse
    -rise and fall
  • wobble
  • funcational2
40
Q

mechanisms of control(2)

A
  1. exploratory: investigation of sensorimotor work space for postural contorl
  2. reformatory: uses sensory info to control posture
41
Q

common factors of reaccuring falls

A
  1. poor balance control (structural)
  2. impaired functional mobility (functional)
42
Q

elderly postural changes

A
  • head forward
  • kyphosis ( hunchback)
  • lordosis (lumbar forward)
  • hip flexion
  • knee flexion
43
Q

static balance

A

all forces acting on body are balanced and remains in an intended position

44
Q

dynamic balance

A

summed forces of body allow body to move in a controlled manner

45
Q

main subsystems involved in balance

A
  • perception of orientation
  • sensory organization
  • environmental adaptations
  • musculoskeletal systems
  • motor coordination
  • predictive central set
46
Q

role of vision vision

A

provides info on orientation and motion of body WRT space/environment

47
Q

vestibular

A

senses linear and angular acceleration of head and head with respect to gravity

48
Q

1A afferents

A

detect the muscle length changes

49
Q

co-activation

A

when all muscle tighten up
- seen in elderly
- and people scared of heights

50
Q

central set

A

higher level predictive processing of CNS that sends down commands to sensory and motor systems to prepare for anticipatory or voluntary movements

51
Q

three requirements for successful locomotion

A
  1. progression
  2. postural control
  3. adaptation
52
Q

ipsilateral

A

the foot on the ground during gait cycle when perturbed

53
Q

contralateral

A

the foot not on the ground during gait cycle when perturbed

54
Q

visually activated gait

A

modify gait in response to potential threats to stability

55
Q

5 complex changes responsible for systems theory:

A
  • change in musculoskeletal system
  • development of motor coordination strategies
  • development of individual sensory systems
    -development of sensory strategies for organizing
  • development of cognitive resources and strategies
56
Q

types of balance tests for the elderly

A
  • static unperturbed
  • static perturbed
  • unpreterbed voluntary
  • perturbed voluntary
57
Q

purpose of static unpreturbed balance test

A
  • measure amount of time psoture is maintained
  • cannot identify mechanisms that contribute to age-related changes
58
Q

purpose of static perturbed balance test

A
  • looks at ability to maintain upright posture following perturbation
  • sheds like on mechanisms elderly use to maintain balance
59
Q

purpose of unpreturbed voluntary movement test

A
  • looks at ability to make anticipatory postural adjustments
  • reflexs CNS ability to effectively integrate postural and voluntary movements
  • helps identify fallers
60
Q

perturbed voluntary movements

A

helps identify age-related differences
ensures proper execution of intended movementc

61
Q

changes to somatosensory in elderly

A
  • decreased sense of virbations in lower limbs
  • decreased proprioception
  • decreased tactile sensation
62
Q

changes in vision in elderly

A
  • decrease visual acuitity
  • decreased visual field
  • decreased depth perception
  • decreased contrast sensitivity
  • decreased ambient vision (sensitivity to moving objects and self motion) - decreased
63
Q

effects of visual flow on postural responses of unstable older adults

A
  • larger relianceo nvision
    continuing COP oscillations after movement stopped
  • larger TA activity = more sway
  • not understanding how to control muscles appropriotately to visual perturbations
64
Q

vestibular deficits in older adults

A
  • plays a role in resolving sensroy conflict
  • unable to suppress unreliable visual or properioceptive inputs
    changes happen due to decrease nerve fibers and decreased hair cells
65
Q

muscle response sunergies in elderly

A
  • as we age mylination decrease which is what causes the delay in 1A afferents
  • causes the delay in activations of musclse (20ms)
  • co-activation is also seen in elderly
66
Q

elderly stepping strategies

A
  • tend to use more hip strategies for smaller perturbations than YA
  • more likely to change BOS when perturbed even if it is unnecessary or unsafe
  • even though takes mroe attention and takes longer to initiate movement
67
Q

phases of gait

A

stance
- initial, loading, mid, terminal, pre-swing
swing
- initial, mid, terminal swing -

68
Q

progression changes

A

modifying force generation strategies to move the body in desired direction

69
Q

postural control changes

A

involves using both reactive and proactive strategies

research methods (13 decks)

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