Perceptual Knowledge + Action In Infancy (6)

Question 1

5 perceptual skills

Answer 1

Vision, audition (probably the most developed at birth), touch, smell, taste

Question 2

Are newborns initially passive/ active

Answer 2

Passive

Question 3

Inter-sensory integration

Answer 3

Infants begin to integrate information from several senses

Question 4

Cross modal transfer*

Answer 4

Infants can perceive something via one modality & transfer the information to another modality

Question 5

Researcher challenges when observing infant behaviour

Answer 5

Linguistic abilities
Attention
Crying
Sleeping
Ethical + consensual access

Question 6

Babies can hear from

Answer 6

26 weeks gestation

Question 7

Babies can begin to focus on individual sounds and rhythm at…

Answer 7

7-9 months

Question 8

What is the greatest change in hearing ability over the first year of life

Answer 8

The ability to organise sounds into complex patterns

Question 9

Development of the visual cortex*

Answer 9

2 months - discriminate colours
3 months - discriminate objects
6 months - visual acuity 20/100 (adults 20/20)

Question 10

Visual acuity

Answer 10

The ability to see fine-grained detail (circle with lines assessment)

Question 11

When does visual acuity develop

Answer 11

Rapid development in the first 6 months to just below adult level.(levelling off period) Full acuity not developed until after 1 year

Question 12

Infants prefer to look at images with…

Answer 12

High contrast and a preference for edges

Question 13

Pareidolia**

Answer 13

A psychological phenomenon involving a stimulus that the mind perceives a similar pattern where none actually exists (e.g. cloud faces)

Question 14

Face processing hypothesis - Morton & Johnson - 2 types of hypothesis

Answer 14

Structural hypothesis (CONSPEC)
Sensory hypothesis (CONLERN)

Question 15

Structural hypothesis (face processing) - CONSPEC

Answer 15

Innate info concerning the structure of faces - no prior experience necessary (a visual perceptual ‘device’)

Question 16

Sensory hypothesis (face processing) - CONLERN

Answer 16

Classes of stimuli are preferred as a result of their general properties
Ability to learn about the human face, as a consequence of directing attention to faces - experience is required

Question 17

Perception

Answer 17

The ‘here and now’

Question 18

Piaget suggested object permanence begins at…

Answer 18

9 months but not fully developed until 2 years (but A not B error at 9 months)

Question 19

A not B error

Answer 19

Have object permanence but can’t then get rid of this when object placement changed -> development of frontal cortex allows links between object knowledge and action = success

Question 20

Meltzoff and Borton bumpy dummy %

Answer 20

71%

Question 21

When do infants begin to listen longer to real speech sounds than muddled up rhythms

Answer 21

2-7 months

Question 22

Vision at 2 months

Answer 22

Discriminate colours

Question 23

Vision at 3 months

Answer 23

Discriminate objects

Question 24

Vision at 6months

Answer 24

Visual acuity 20/100
Develop accuracy in tracking

Question 25

1 month olds scan… of shapes

Answer 25

Perimeters

Question 26

2 month olds scan…of shapes

Answer 26

Perimeters and interiors

Question 27

Who did the mummy’s face preferential looking experiment (And %)

Answer 27

Bushnell, Sai and Mullin 63%

Question 28

After Piaget, 3-4 month olds…

Answer 28

Reason about NUMBER of objects in events

Question 29

After Piaget, 4-7 month olds..

Answer 29

Can appreciate the difference between 2ness and 3ness but not larger numbers - subitising

Question 30

Subitising

Answer 30

Appreciating directly a small number of objects without counting them consciously

Question 31

According to who, 4 and 5 month olds have an understanding of addition and subtraction

Answer 31

Wynn

Question 32

Other explanations for the A not an error

Answer 32

Response preserverarion (old habits) Memory Place A is a container Communication Attention Frontal cortex maturity and executive function

Question 33

How is A not B error overcome

Answer 33

Initial searches trial and error Development of frontal cortex allows links between object knowledge and action = success