PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING SUBSTANCE

Question 1

Definition of Products That Can Be Sold as Dietary Supplements

Answer 1

A product (other than tobacco) intended to supplement the diet that contains one or more of the following dietary ingredients:
a vitamin,
a mineral,
an herb or other botanical,
an amino acid,
a dietary substance for use by humans to supplementthe diet by increasing the total dietary intake, or
a concentrate, metabolite, constituent, extract or combination of any ingredient identified above.
The product must also be intended for ingestion & cannot be advertised for use as a conventional food or as the sole item within a meal or diet.

Question 2

what is stacking regimen

Answer 2

typically used by athletes.
they administer several different drugs simultaneously

Question 3

what is rational for stacking

Answer 3

The potency of one anabolic agent may be enhanced when it is consumed simultaneously with another anabolic agent.

Question 4

what is rational for stacking

Answer 4

The potency of one anabolic agent may be enhanced when it is consumed simultaneously with another anabolic agent.

Question 5

what are the different type of cyclic pattern of anabolic steroid use

Answer 5

pyramid (step-up) pattern
step-down

Question 6

what is pyramid pattern

Answer 6

Dosages are steadily increased over several weeks.

Question 7

what is step down

Answer 7

To reduce the likelihood of negative side effects.
Discontinue drug use or initiate another cycle of different drugs that may increase endogenous testosterone production.

Question 8

average number of agent, cycle of duration, dose admnistered in anabolic steroid regiment

Answer 8

Average # of agents
3.1.
Typical Cycle Duration
5 to 10 weeks.
Dose Administered
5 to 29 times greater than physiological replacement doses.

Question 9

average number of agent, cycle of duration, dose admnistered in anabolic steroid regiment

Answer 9

Average # of agents
3.1.
Typical Cycle Duration
5 to 10 weeks.
Dose Administered
5 to 29 times greater than physiological replacement doses.

Question 10

What is the administration route for injectable steroids?

Answer 10

Subcutaneous
Intravenous
Intramuscular

Question 11

Which route of anabolic steroid administration is more potent?

Answer 11

Injection > Oral.

Question 12

Do the injectable anabolic steroids have different half-lives?

Answer 12

Testosterone propionate
Remains in circulation for ~ 1.5 days.
Testosterone buciclate
Remains in circulation for ~ 3 months.

Question 13

Do the injectable anabolic steroids have different half-lives?

Answer 13

Testosterone propionate
Remains in circulation for ~ 1.5 days.
Testosterone buciclate
Remains in circulation for ~ 3 months.

Question 14

Who Uses Anabolic Steroids?

Answer 14

Olympic athletes
Professional athletes
Collegiate athletes
High school athletes
Strength athletes
Bodybuilders
Individuals outside organized sport
use steroids to enhance appearance.

Question 15

Who Uses Anabolic Steroids?

Answer 15

Olympic athletes
Professional athletes
Collegiate athletes
High school athletes
Strength athletes
Bodybuilders
Individuals outside organized sport
use steroids to enhance appearance.

Question 16

what is also called reverse anorexia nervosa

Answer 16

muscle dysmorphia

Question 17

muscle dysmorphia refer to

Answer 17

a subset of bodybuilders with an altered self-image

Question 18

Ergogenic Benefits of Anabolic Steroids

Answer 18

Increased muscle mass
Increased muscle strength
Increased athletic performance

Question 19

The strength gains in strength-trained athletes using anabolic steroids may be _ than those typically observed in similarly trained athletes who are not using anabolic steroids.

Answer 19

2-3 fold higher

Question 20

Psychological Effects of Anabolic Steroids

Answer 20

Increases in aggression.
Hostility
Depression.
Elevations in arousal & self-esteem.
Mania.
Associated with mood swings & psychotic episodes.
Psychosis
may occur in some susceptible individuals.

Question 21

Adverse Effects of Anabolic Steroids -> cardiovascular

Answer 21

Elevated cholesterol & triglycerides
Increased LDL cholesterol
Decreased HDL cholesterol
Elevated blood pressure
Decreased myocardial function
Increased risk of heart attack
Increased risk of stroke

Question 22

adverse effect of anabolic steroid -> endocrine

Answer 22

Gynecomastia in males only
Decreased sperm count
Testicular atrophy
Impotence & transient infertilit

Question 23

adverse effect of anabolic steroid -> genitourinary

Answer 23

Males
Depressed spermatogenesis
Testicular atrophy

Females
Menstrual cycle irregularities
Clitoromegaly
Deepening of voice
Masculinization

Males & Females
Increase in libido

Question 24

adverse effect of anabolic steroid -> musculoskeletal

Answer 24

Premature epiphyseal plate closure
Increased risk of tendon tears
Intramuscular abscess

Question 25

adverse effect of anabolic steroid -> hepatic and dermatological

Answer 25

Dermatological Acne Alopecia (Male pattern baldness) Hepatic Increased risk of liver tumors & liver damage

Question 26

adverse effect of anabolic steroid -> hepatic and dermatological

Answer 26

Dermatological Acne Alopecia (Male pattern baldness) Hepatic Increased risk of liver tumors & liver damage

Question 27

Supplement Manufacturer’s Marketing Claims for Prohormones

Answer 27

Improve blood testosterone concentrations. Increase muscular strength. Increase muscle mass or size. Help reduce body fatness. Improve sexual performance.

Question 28

The majority of studies indicate that

Answer 28

acute or chronic oral androstenedione supplementation at single doses of at least 100 mg leads to increased androstenedione concentrations in the blood of healthy young, middle-aged, and older men.

Question 29

The majority of studies indicate that

Answer 29

acute or chronic oral androstenedione supplementation at single doses of at least 100 mg leads to increased androstenedione concentrations in the blood of healthy young, middle-aged, and older men.

Question 30

Increases in blood testosterone levels have been observed at a

Answer 30

multiple 100-mg dose (Brown et al., 2000a). single 300-mg dose (Leder et al., 2000).

Question 31

Chronic oral androstenedione supplementation: resulted in

Answer 31

a significant, yet abnormal, increase in the measured concentration of the estrogens, estrone & estradiol, in the blood of healthy young, middle-aged, & older men.

Question 32

Chronic oral androstenedione supplementation: has been shown to

Answer 32

decrease the concentration of HDL cholesterol in the blood of healthy young, middle-aged, & older men, which effectively increases the risk for cardiovascular disease. has no effect on body composition, muscle size, & muscle strength in healthy men of various ages.

Question 33

Chronic use of androstenedione may increase the risk of developing the following conditions

Answer 33

Cardiovascular disease, Impaired liver function, Gynecomastia (breast growth) in men, Breast cancer in women, Pancreatic cancer in men, Prostate cancer in men.

Question 34

Chronic use of androstenedione may increase the risk of developing the following conditions

Answer 34

Cardiovascular disease, Impaired liver function, Gynecomastia (breast growth) in men, Breast cancer in women, Pancreatic cancer in men, Prostate cancer in men.

Question 35

what is human chorionic gonadotropin

Answer 35

is a hormone obtained from the placenta of pregnant women. is very closely related in structure & function to luteinizing hormone.

Question 36

insulin is what

Answer 36

is a potent, anabolic, peptide hormone. facilitates the uptake of glucose & amino acids into the cell. increases protein synthesis. cannot be detected in the urine. rumored to potentiate the effects of GH & IGFs

Question 37

insulin Possible Outcome in Previously Healthy Athletes

Answer 37

immediate death, coma, or development of insulin-dependent diabetes.

Question 38

Functions of HGH

Answer 38

Stimulates bone growth. Stimulates skeletal muscle growth. Maintains blood glucose concentration. Increases the uptake of glucose & amino acids into muscle cells. Stimulates the release of fatty acids from the fat cells.

Question 39

Functions of HGH

Answer 39

Stimulates bone growth. Stimulates skeletal muscle growth. Maintains blood glucose concentration. Increases the uptake of glucose & amino acids into muscle cells. Stimulates the release of fatty acids from the fat cells.

Question 40

HGH Replacement Therapy

Answer 40

GH-deficient adults or children. Increases in lean body tissue. Decreases in body fat.

Question 41

Test to Detect HGH Abuse

Answer 41

was 1st introduced at the 2004 Summer Olympic Games in Athens, Greece. is a blood test. involves the use of immunoassays (antibodies) that preferentially recognize pituitary HGH (pHGH) & recombinant HGH (rHGH). allows the quantification of the 22 kDa isoform that is derived from rHGH. allows the quantification of the other isoforms derived from naturally occurring HGH, pHGH. when rHGH is administered, the secretion of HGH from the pituitary gland is inhibited: as a consequence, the ratio of 22 kDa to total GH increases. this occurs because of an increase in the concentration of the 22 kDa isoform & a reduction in the concentrations of the non-22-kDa isoforms.

Question 42

Route of HGH Administration

Answer 42

Oral - does not result in any benefit. - completely metabolized. Injection - is absolutely necessary

Question 43

Mediator of HGH Actions

Answer 43

IGF-I. Produced & secreted from the liver in response to GH stimulation.

Question 44

Potential Health Risks of HGH

Answer 44

Gigantism Excessive secretion of GH during childhood. Acromegaly Excessive secretion of GH, after puberty, once linear growth has ceased. Widening of bones, arthritis, organ enlargement, & metabolic abnormalities.

Question 45

Methods Used to Elevate the O2-Carrying Capacity of the Blood

Answer 45

Altitude Training Blood Doping Homologous :Transfusion of blood that has been taken from another person with the same blood type. Autologous :Transfusion of one’s own blood. Erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 46

what is erythropoietin

Answer 46

is a protein hormone produced in the kidneys that stimulates the production of new RBCs. can be produced by recombinant DNA technology.

Question 47

erythropoietin level increase in response to and its uses to treat what

Answer 47

level increases in response to aerobic endurance training. is used to treat certain types of anemia.

Question 48

effect of Injections of EPO for 6 wks in normal men:

Answer 48

Elevated hematocrit, Elevated of hemoglobin concentration, Increased aerobic capacity, Improved time to exhaustion, Enhanced oxygen-carrying capacity.

Question 49

Primary Risk of EPO

Answer 49

Its lack of predictability

Question 50

health risk of EPO

Answer 50

Increased blood viscosity. Increased risk of blood clotting. Increased risk of heart attack or stroke. Increased risk of cerebral or pulmonary embolism. Elevated systolic blood pressure.

Question 50

health risk of EPO

Answer 50

Increased blood viscosity. Increased risk of blood clotting. Increased risk of heart attack or stroke. Increased risk of cerebral or pulmonary embolism. Elevated systolic blood pressure.

Question 51

what are used by athletes as an ergogenic aid to increase lean muscle tissue & reduce subcutaneous fat.

Answer 51

β-Adrenergic Agonists

Question 52

what was originally developped for the treatment of athsma

Answer 52

β-Adrenergic Agonists

Question 53

effect of β-Adrenergic Agonists

Answer 53

have been shown to increase lean mass & decrease stored fat in several animal species & humans with heart failure or muscle-wasting conditions.

Question 54

potential side effect of B-andrenergic agonist

Answer 54

Transient tachycardia, hyperthermia, tremors, dizziness, palpitations, & insomnia.

Question 55

potential side effect of B-andrenergic agonist

Answer 55

Transient tachycardia, hyperthermia, tremors, dizziness, palpitations, & insomnia.

Question 56

what is B-blocker

Answer 56

are a class of drugs that block β-adrenergic receptors. prevent the attachment of catecholamines to these receptors.

Question 57

what are generally prescribed to treat a wide variety of CVDs

Answer 57

B-blocker

Question 58

Proposed Ergogenic Benefit b-blocker

Answer 58

Reduce anxiety & tremors during performance. e.g., marksmen, or archers.

Question 59

what are some ergolytic effect

Answer 59

Impair CV response to exercise by reducing maximal heart rate, oxygen consumption, & 10 km race time performance.

Question 60

risk of b-blocker

Answer 60

Bronchospasms Heart failure Prolonged hypoglycemia Bradycardia Heart block Intermittent claudication

Question 61

The consumption of EAA before & after resistance exercise augments

Answer 61

muscle protein synthesis in healthy human subjects.

Question 62

Timing of Protein Consumption

Answer 62

30 to 60 minutes before exercise, or within the first 2 to 3 hours after exercise, or both.

Question 63

anabolic response of Consumption of 6 g EAA + 36 g sugar before or after resistance exercise.

Answer 63

The anabolic response was 158% greater when EAA + sugar was consumed 30 min before resistance exercise than when it was consumed after exercise.

Question 64

exemple of Branched-Chain Amino Acids

Answer 64

are isoleucine, leucine, & valine

Question 65

exemple of Branched-Chain Amino Acids

Answer 65

are isoleucine, leucine, & valine

Question 66

Branched-Chain Amino Acids are responsible for

Answer 66

are responsible for increasing muscle protein synthesis (MPS) & it appears that leucine is the key amino acid for stimulating MPS through increased activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway in skeletal muscle (see figure on next slide).

Question 67

what is required for the synthesis of protein & creatine.

Answer 67

arginine

Question 68

nitric oxide is essential for what

Answer 68

vasodilation

Question 69

Claims Often Attributed to Arginine Supplementation

Answer 69

Ability to elevate nitric oxide levels Increase in muscle blood flow Improves exercise performance

Question 70

β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (HMB) Ergogenic effects

Answer 70

in trained athletes are less conclusive due to the way the studies were designed. many of the studies were less than 5 wks & they did not use periodized, high-intensity training programs.

Question 71

In a recent study by Wilson et al (2014) significant improvements in total strength & LBM were observed in

Answer 71

in highly resistance-trained males performing a periodized resistance training program & ingesting a HMB supplement compared to a placebo group using an identical training program

Question 72

HMB is most effective when

Answer 72

adequate training stimulus is provided. A high-intensity, high-volume resistance training program is likely needed for benefits to be realized with HMB supplementation in trained athletes, but not untrained individuals.

Question 73

Muscle Buffering Capacity (MBC)

Answer 73

The ability to regulate H+ concentration in skeletal muscle during high-intensity exercise

Question 74

what is the rate-limiting substrate for carnosine synthesis in muscle cell

Answer 74

b-alanine

Question 75

what is carnosine and where it is found

Answer 75

is a dipeptide composed of the non-EAA β-alanine & the EAA histidine. is found primarily in fast-twitch skeletal muscle.

Question 76

carnosine is estimated to contributed to up to _ % of the skeletal MBC of H+ produced during intense anaerobic exercise.

Answer 76

40

Question 77

b- alanine increase the level of what in skeletal muscle

Answer 77

carnosine

Question 78

who has a greater carnosine concentration btw sprinter and bodybuilder, marathoner and untrained individual, eldery people

Answer 78

Sprinters & bodybuilders > marathoners, untrained individuals, elderly people.

Question 79

adverse effect of b-alanine

Answer 79

Amounts of β-Alanine ingestion range from 2.4 to 6.4 g/day, which are divided into 2-to-4 smaller doses. Paresthesia (tingling, pricking, or numbness of the skin) may occur if a high, acute dose is consumed

Question 80

T/F sodium bicarbonate is an antacid

Answer 80

T

Question 81

do sodium citrate is base

Answer 81

no

Question 82

L-carnitite is responsible for

Answer 82

the transport of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) from the cytosol into the mitochondria to be oxidized for energy.

Question 83

effect of L-Carnitine

Answer 83

claims that it enhances exercise performance by increasing fat utilization & sparing muscle glycogen. markets it as a fat burner or fat reducer.may enhance recovery from exercise.

Question 84

purpose mechanic of l-carnitine

Answer 84

Enhanced vasodilation reduces the magnitude of exercise-induced hypoxia. Upregulation of androgen receptors. Increased IGF-I binding proteins.

Question 85

source of creatine

Answer 85

Endogenous is synthesized primarily by the liver, but also in smaller amounts in the kidneys, & pancreas. Exogenous Dietary sources = meat & fish.

Question 86

where does creatine is stored

Answer 86

heart, brain testes

Question 87

Importance of Creatine for Exercise

Answer 87

is part of the immediate energy system. is especially important during short-duration, high-intensity exercise. is a substrate for the formation of ATP.

Question 88

ability to rephosphorylate ADP depends on:

Answer 88

Creatine kinase, & CP stored in muscle.

Question 89

Primary mechanism leading to fatigue during high-intensity exercise:

Answer 89

depletion of muscle CP

Question 90

Ergogenic Benefits of Creatine

Answer 90

Increases strength in bench press, squat, & power clean performed by trained athletes. May improve training in experienced strength athletes by reducing fatigue. enhancing postworkout recovery

Question 91

effect of prolonged creatine

Answer 91

increases body weight: appears to be primarily related to an increase in fat-free mass. is believed to be partly related to an increase in total body water.

Question 92

Creatine supplementation during training

Answer 92

is typically a 1- to 4.5 lb greater increase in BM or FFM over several weeks to several months.

Question 93

Adverse Effects of Creatine

Answer 93

Increase in body mass is an unwanted side effect for some athletes. GI, CV, & muscular problems. e.g., gas, mild diarrhea, & muscle cramps.

Question 94

effect of stimulant

Answer 94

Reduced fatigue Increased alertness Increased confidence Euphoria

Question 95

exemple of stimulant

Answer 95

Caffeine Ephedrine Citrus Aurantium

Question 96

Proposed Mechanism of caffein for Prolonged Aerobic Endurance Exercise

Answer 96

Increase in fat oxidation through the mobilization of FFAs from adipose tissue or intramuscular fat stores.

Question 97

Proposed Mechanism for Improved Anaerobic Performance

Answer 97

During short-duration, high-intensity exercise. Enhanced power production: Enhanced excitation-contraction coupling, which affects neuromuscular transmission & mobilization of intracellular calcium ions from the SR.

Question 98

Efficacy of Caffeine in improving aerobic endurance

Answer 98

cafeine tablet > coffee

Question 99

how many caffein can wre take before being at Greater risk for side effects

Answer 99

Caffeine intake > 9 mg/kg.

Question 100

side effect of caffein

Answer 100

Anxiety Gastrointestinal disturbances Restlessness Insomnia Tremors Heart arrhythmias Diuretic Increases the risk for heat illness Physically addictive Withdrawal symptoms

Question 101

withdrawal symptom of caffein

Answer 101

Headache Fatigue Dysphoric mood Difficulty concentrating Flu-like somatic symptoms

Question 102

caffein overdose

Answer 102

Lethal dose Typically in excess of 5 g of caffeine About 42 cups of coffee at 120 mg of caffeine per cup More than twenty-five 200-mg tablets of caffeine

Question 103

Preworkout Energy Drinks efficacy

Answer 103

Effective for increasing resistance training volume performance. Not effective with other types of anaerobic exercise including Wingate tests & speed/agility performance. Improves cardiorespiratory endurance exercise performance. improve cycling & running performance in trained cyclists & recreationally active individuals who consumed energy drinks containing about 2 mg of caffeine/kg body mass within an hour before exercise,

Question 104

what is ephedrine

Answer 104

is a β-agonist or sympathomimetic. is thought to possess a strong thermogenic effect. is used by athletes to reduce body fat. is often used as a stacking agent with caffeine. is believed to increase fat oxidation & spare muscle glycogen.

Question 105

adverse effect of preworkout

Answer 105

Due to the presence of caffeine, the same potential adverse effects that exist for caffeine also exist for energy drinks. Most energy drinks contain only moderate amounts of caffeine, typically less than 300 mg.

Question 106

efficacy of ephedrine

Answer 106

is effective only when it is combined with caffeine: improves aerobic endurance performance.

Question 107

side effect of ephedrine

Answer 107

Side Effects vomiting & nausea with 5 mg/kg caffeine + 1 mg/kg ephedrine, but not with 4 mg/kg caffeine + 0.8 mg/kg ephedrine

Question 108

side effects for ephedra-containing dietary supplements or ephedrine + caffeine

Answer 108

Nausea Vomiting Psychiatric symptoms Anxiety & mood change Autonomic hyperactivity Palpitations Death.

Question 109

side effects for ephedra-containing dietary supplements or ephedrine + caffeine

Answer 109

Nausea Vomiting Psychiatric symptoms Anxiety & mood change Autonomic hyperactivity Palpitations Death.

Question 110

what is citrus aurantium

Answer 110

is from a fruit known as “bitter orange.” is a mild stimulant. is often used as an Asian herbal medicine to treat digestive problems. is thought to contribute to: appetite suppression, increased metabolic rate, & lipolysis. contains synephrine.

Question 111

what is synephrine

Answer 111

is a sympathomimetic agent. is thought to stimulate: β-3 adrenergic receptors increases lipolysis. Peripheral -1 adrenergic receptors results in vasoconstriction & elevations in blood pressure.