Period 4 ID Terms Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
emerged as a major political figure during the debate over the Constitution, as the outspoken leader of the Federalists and one of the authors of the Federalist Papers. Later, as secretary of treasury under Washington, Alexander Hamilton spearheaded the government’s Federalist initiatives, most notably through the creation of the Bank of the United States.
A
Alexander Hamilton
2
Q
This was founded by Alexander Hamilton. It based its system on the British Bank and became significant for its “national debt” which acted, at least in early years, as a “national adhesive.”
A
Bank of the United States
3
Q
Jefferson’s presidential candidate who received the same number of electoral votes for the presidency. He later joined a group of Federalist extremists to plot the secession of New England and New York. He killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel. He was 8arrested for treason.
A
Aaron Burr
4
Q
3rd President of the United States. He favored limited central government. He was chief drafter of the Declaration of Independence; approved of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 and promoted ideals of republicanism. Sent out the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore this territory.
A
Thomas Jefferson
5
Q
U.S. acquisition of the Louisiana territory from France in 1803 for $15 million. The purchase secured American control of the Mississippi river and doubled the size of the nation.
A
Louisiana Purchase
6
Q
In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.
A
Judiciary Act
7
Q
The strong-willed chief of justice and cousin of Jefferson. He dominated the Supreme Court with his commanding personality and powerful intellect. He shaped the American legal tradition more profoundly than any other single figure. Also his decision regarding the Marbury vs. Madison affair spurred the Jeffersonians to fight back.
A
John Marshall
8
Q
These north african pirates attacked US merchant ships, seized the goods and kidnapped the crews, taking advantage of the absence of British protection of U.S. shipping in the mediterranean - causing americans to revise the articles
A
Barbary Coast Pirates
9
Q
Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States’ new land and map a route from the Mississippi to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.
A
Lewis and Clark Expedition
10
Q
Native American Shoshone woman who served as a guide and interpreter for the Lewis and Clark expedition
A
Sacajawea
11
Q
was a law passed by Congress forbidding all exportation of goods from the United States. Britain and France had been continuously harassing the U.S. and seizing U.S. ship’s and men. The U.S. was not prepared to fight in a war, so Pres. Jefferson hoped to weaken Britain and France by stopping trade. The Embargo Act ended up hurting our economy more than theirs. It was repealed in 1809. The Embargo Act helped to revive the Federalists. It caused New England’s industry to grow. It eventually led to the War of 1812.
A
The Embargo Act of 1807
12
Q
1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon’s Bill No. 2.
A
Non-Intercourse Act
13
Q
brother of the Prophet, chief of the Shawnees, as the leader of the Indian military efforts, he realized that they could only defeat the whites and take back the Northwest if they united, so he set out down the Mississippi river to visit tribes and persuade them to join him in the Tecumseh confederacy and battle the whites who had wrongly taken their land through treaties.
A
Tecumseh
14
Q
a charismatic religious leader and orator of the Native Americans, he experienced a mystical awakening in the process of recovering from alcoholism, and inspired a religious revival that spread throughout tribes and helped unite them, even militarily. He believed that Indian civilizations had superior virtues to those of the sinful and corrupt.
A
The Prophet
15
Q
Americans v. Shawnee Indians. led by governor William Henry Harrison, the Americans defeated the Shawnee’s and Tecumseh in the Indiana Territory.
A
Battle of Tippecanoe
16
Q
Western settlers who advocated war with Britain because they hoped to aquire Britain’s northwest posts (and also Florida or even Canada) and because they felt the British were aiding the Indians and encouraging them to attack the Americans on the frontier. In Congress, the War Hawks were Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.
A
War Hawks
17
Q
United States commodore who led the fleet that defeated the British on Lake Erie during the War of 1812. Said “we have met the enemy and they are ours,” which became the slogan of the American cause and gave it new life
A
Oliver Hazard Perry
18
Q
was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe.
A
General William Henry Harrison
19
Q
known as “Old Hickory”; hates the British and the Indians; war hero in the Battle of New Orleans; defeated Creeks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend; believed in the Common Man; reduced voting restictions; 7th president; “Good Ole Boy System”; Indian Removal Act; Trail of Tears; Worcester v. Georgia
A
Andrew Jackson
20
Q
Fought on September 10, 1813 in Lake Erie during the War of 1812; 9 vessels from the US Navy defeated and captured 6 vessels of Great Britain’s Royal Navy; ensured American control of the lake and allowed Americans to recover Detroit and win the Battle of the Thames to break the Indian confederation of Tecumseh; biggest naval battle of the War of 1812.
A
Battle of Lake Erie
21
Q
January, 1815 - A large British invasion force was repelled by Andrew Jackson’s troops at New Orleans. Jackson had been given the details of the British army’s battle plans by the French pirate, Jean Laffite. About 2500 British soldiers were killed or captured, while in the American army only 8 men were killed. Neither side knew that the Treaty of Ghent had ended the War of 1812 two weeks before the battle. This victory inspired American nationalism
A
Battle of New Orleans
22
Q
When the British attacked and burned the Capitol, forcing the president to flee the city.
A
Burning of Washington
23
Q
U.S. forces repulsed sea and land invasions of the busy port city of Baltimore, Maryland, and killed the commander of the invading British army forces; considered to be one of the turning points of the War of 1812. Historical Significance: Inspired Francis Scott Key to write “The Star-Spangled Banner.
A
Battle of Baltimore Harbor
24
Q
(1814) Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.
A
Treaty of Ghent
25
United States lawyer and poet who wrote a poem after witnessing the British attack on Baltimore during the War of 1812; wrote "The Star Spangled Banner”
Francis Scott Key
26
Henry Clays 3 pronged system to promote industry: 1) a strong banking system 2) a protective tariff 3) a federally funded transportation network
The American System
27
Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." (responsible for the Missouri Compromise). Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however.
Henry Clay
28
American naval officer notable for his heroism in the Barbary Wars and the War of 1812; first American celebrated as a nation military hero who had not fought in the American Revolution.
Stephen Decatur
29
He was the fifth President of the United States. He is the author of the Monroe Doctrine. Proclaimed that the Americas should be closed to future European colonization and free from European interference in sovereign countries' affairs. It further stated the United States' intention to stay neutral in European wars
James Monroe
30
the period from 1817 to 1823 in which the disappearance of the federalists enabled the Republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly nonpartisan harmony.
Era of Good Feelings
31
Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.
Panic of 1819
32
unstable banking institutions that issued paper money called wildcat currency to lend to speculators. They were operated under state charters and were especially numerous after Jackson defeated the second B.U.S. They didn't require collateral for loans so farmers took out loans, bought land, lost money on the land, defaulted on their loans, and then the banks started to fail.
Wild Cat banks
33
was an act replacing the Land Act of 1800. It was a result of the depression, bank failures, bankruptcies, soup kitchens, unemployment, etc. of 1819. The original Land Act allowed Americans to buy 160 acres of land (minimum) at $2.00 an acre over a period of four years. The Land Act of 1820 offered less acreage, but it also cost less. It allowed Americans to buy 80 acres at $1.25 an acre. This helped to calm the westerners when they demanded cheaper land.
Land Act of 1820
34
another name for the national road whose construction began in 1811 and which stretched from a town in western Maryland to Vandalia, Illinois.
Cumberland Road
35
It is a canal in New York State, United States, that runs from the Hudson River to Lake Erie, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean It cut transport costs into what was then wilderness by about 90%. The Canal resulted in a massive population surge in western New York, and opened regions further west to increased settlement.
Erie Canal
36
Allowed Missouri to enter the union as a slave state, Maine to enter the union as a free state, prohibited slavery north of latitude 36˚ 30' within the Louisiana Territory (1820)
Missouri Compromise
37
A tax on an imported product instituted to protect infant industries. Displeased those in agriculture in the south who had to pay more for goods.
Protectionist Tariff
38
The term given to the supposed practices of the John Marshall led Supreme Court. Marshall ruled on a number of cases during his thirty four years at the helm of the Supreme Court and many observers and critics would note that he seemed to always rule in favor of the party that would increase the power of the Federal government while compromising the position of the state governments.
Judicial Nationalism
39
In 1819, John Adams drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas.
Acquisition of Florida
40
6th president from 1825-1829; served in the Senate and House of Representatives; son of President John Adams; helped formulate the Monroe Doctrine as Secretary of State; lost his re-election to Andrew Jackson; viewed as one of the greatest diplomats in American history
John Quincy Adams
41
A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.
Monroe Doctrine
42
In 1816, during the administration of President James Madison, the Democratic-Republicans reversed course and supported its creation. It was patterned after the first and quickly established branches throughout the Union.
Second Bank of the United States
43
A political scandal that arose when the Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, allegedly met with John Quincy Adams before the House election to break a deadlock. Adams was elected president against the popular vote and Clay was named Secretary of State.
Corrupt Bargain
44
political party led by Thomas Jefferson; it feared centralized political power, supported states' rights, opposed Hamilton's financial plan, and supported ties with France. It was heavily influenced by a agrarian interests in the southern states believed the people should have political power, favored strong state governments, emphasized agriculture, favored strict interpretation of the constitution, were pro-french, opposed national bank, and opposed protective tariff
Democratic Party
45
Impeachment is to accuse a public official of misconduct in office. The Jeffersonians were angry about a ruling made by Chief Justice John Marshall. The House of Representatives attempted to impeach the unpopular Supreme Court Justice, Samuel Chase. Although there were enough votes in the House of Representatives, the Senate did not have enough. Since this attempt in 1804, there has been no serious attempt to impeach members of the Supreme Court.
Impeachment
46
accused of adultery because she married Jackson 3 days before her divorce from her 1st husband took effect
Rachel Jackson
47
Vice President under Andrew Jackson; leading Southern politician; began his political career as a nationalist and an advocate of protective tariffs, later he becomes an advocate of free trade, states' rights, limited government, and nullification.
John C. Calhoun
48
Jackson's patronage system, which allowed men to buy their way into office. This resulted in a very corrupt governmental office.
Spoils System
49
AKA Tariff of 1828; raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South. The South claimed that it was discriminatory and unconstitutional
Tariff of Abominations
50
Theory promoted by John C. Calhoun and other South Carolinians that said states had the right to disregard federal laws to which they objected.
Nullification
51
The forced movement of Cherokee Indians in 1838 to the land west of Mississippi River forced by the U.S. Army; it lasted 116 days and was 1,000 miles long, many Indians died along the way
Trail of Tears
52
The leader of the Illinois tribes of Indians in the 1830's. When the Indians were uprooted, and forced out of their homes, he led the Indians in resisting the move. However, he wasn't powerful enough, because in 1832 they were brutally defeated, and forced to move into Oklahoma.
Black Hawk
53
Seminole leader who resisted the removal of his people from Florida in the 1830s. He died under suspicious circumstances after being tricked into surrendering (1837).
Osceola
54
The US Bank was under a 20 year charter, and was favored mainly by the northern bankers and merchants but not by farmers and westerners. Clay and Webster pushed for an early recharter but Jackson vetoed it due to his hatred for the two men. He killed the bank and ordered his Secretary of Treasury to remove all of the specie and put it in his "pet banks”.
Bank War
55
Leading American statesman during the Antebellum Period; leader of the Whig Party, opposed Jackson and the Democratic Party; spokesman for modernization, banking, and industry; served in the House of Representatives, Senate, and Secretary of State for 3 presidents; successful lawyer; member of the Great Triumvirate with Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.
Daniel Webster
56
political party that had no stand on slavery, was elected because people did not want to rock the boat and have war, An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements
Whigs
57
created the system of party government. claimed that political parties were necessary to "check" the government from abusing its power. created the first political machine. denounced the American System and opposed the Whigs. (Jackson's successor)
Martin Van Buren
58
United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863)
Sam Houston
59
armed conflict between Mexico and settlers in the Texas portion of the Mexican state Coahuila y Teja; began when Mexican President and General Antonio López de Santa Anna abolished the federal Constitution of 1824 and proclaimed the more centralizing 1835 constitution in its place
Texas Revolution
60
Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)
Santa Anna
61
siege in the Texas War for Independence, 1836, in which the San Antonio mission fell to the Mexicans, and Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie died
Alamo
62
a Texas rebel who fought and died at the Alamo. He had a special knife that he made. They are still around today and are named after him.
David Bowie
63
he was formerly a member of the House of Representatives. He was good friends with Andrew Jackson, but they had a falling out and he moved to Texas. He would die at the Alamo fighting for Texas.
Davy Crocket
64
Took office after the death of William Henry Harrison in 1841. He was a democrat but was swayed by his adoptive Whig Party. He signed a law to end the independent treasury but he vetoed attempts to create a Fiscal Bank. "His accidency”.
John Tyler
65
a prolific and popular American writer of the early 19th century who wrote numerous sea-stories and historical novels known as the the “Leather stocking Tales”
James Fenimore Cooper
66
The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon. He is the first American internationally recognized in Writing. Legend of Sleepy Hollow. Rip Van Whinkle. - American folklore, local legends. Irving published Knickerbockers History of New York in 1809 which had interesting caricatures of the Dutch. Washington Irving's The Sketch Book, published in 1819-1820, was an immediate success. This book made Irving world renown. The Sketch Book was influenced by both American and English themes, and therefore popular in the Old and New World.
Washington Irving
67
a famous American transcendentalist who turned to the environment for inspiration. Thoreau built a cabin at Walden Pond and lived there alone for two years. In 1854 Thoreau published his book, Walden, which was about his time spent living in isolation and his different feelings on society.
Henry David Thoreau
68
was a transcendentalist poet who was very inspired by Emerson. Whitman published "Leaves of Grass" in 1855, which he revised throughout his life.
Walt Whitman
69
he is often considered considered one of the greatest justices in supreme court history. his opinions and famous dissents in favor of individual liberties are still frequently quoted today. he argued that current necessity rather than precedent should determine the rules by which people are governed; that experience, not logic, should be the basis of law.
Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes
70
most conspicuous and most vilified of the abolitionists, published "The Liberator" in Boston, helped found the American Anti-Slavery Society; favored Northern secession and renounced politics
William Lloyd Garrison
71
Influential writer. one of the most prominent african american figures in the abolitionist movement. escaped from slavery in Maryland. he was a great thinker and speaker. published his own antislavery newspaper called the north star and wrote an autobiography that was published in 1845.
Frederick Douglass
72
novelist. wrote uncle tom's cabin, a book about a slave who is treated badly, in 1852. the book persuaded more people, particularly northerners, to become anti-slavery.
Harriet Beecher Stowe
73
a member of the women's right's movement in 1840. She was a mother of seven, and she shocked other feminists by advocating suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. Stanton read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal.”
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
74
Irish-American inventor that developed the mechanical reaper. The reaper replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest, and it was much more efficient and much quicker. The invention helped the agricultural growth of America.
Cyrus McCormick
75
United States industrialist who manufactured plows suitable for working the prairie soil (1804-1886)
John Deere
76
American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged.
Eli Whitney
77
American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)
Robert Fulton
78
A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. It also had an effect on moral movements such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and moral reasoning against slavery.
Second Great Awakening
79
Both sects stressed personal conversion (contrary to predestination), a relatively democratic control of church affairs, and a rousing emotionalism. Peter Cartwright was the best known of the Methodist "circuit riders," or traveling frontier preachers.
Methodists and Baptists
80
reported being visited by an angel and given golden plates in 1840; the plates, when deciphered, brought about the Church of Latter Day Saints and the Book of Mormon; he ran into opposition from Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri when he attempted to spread the Mormon beliefs; he was killed by those who opposed him.
Joseph Smith
81
founded by Joseph Smith, polygamy,drilled their own militia, and voted as a unit. angered and disturbed many.
Mormons
82
Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation.
Horace Mann
83
American writer who wrote textbooks to help the advancement of education. He also wrote a dictionary which helped standardize the American language.
Noah Webster
84
Was established in 1826. Within five years there were 2,220 local chapters in the U.S. with 170,000 members who had taken a pledge to abstain from drinking alcoholic beverages
American Temperance Society
85
he was an artist who specialized in painting wild fowl. he had such works as birds of america. ironically, he shot a lot of birds for sport when he was young. the Audubon society for the protection of birds was named after him. his depictions of western wildlife contributed to the western population movements.
John J. Audubon
86
the first coherent school of American art
- active from 1825 to 1870; painted wilderness landscapes of the Hudson River valley and surrounding New England
Hudson River School
87
(1756-1843) American Revolutionary artist whose Declaration of Independence was used on the back of the two dollar bill
John Trumbull
88
white Pennsylvanian who wrote the most famous black songs; went to the south one time in 1852; contributed to American folk music by capturing the painful spirit of slaves; lost his art and popularity and died in a charity ward as a drunkard
Stephen C. Foster
89
Describe the death of the Federalist Party. How long did the new one party system last? What lead to the development of a new second party?
Ignoring ideological consistency and a traditional commitment to strong national power, the Federalists opposed Jefferson’s popular Louisiana Purchase of 1803 as too costly and threatening to northern influence in government. Largely as a result, the party continued to lose power at the national level. It carried only Connecticut, Delaware, and part of Maryland against Jefferson in 1804. The new one party system lasted for 8 years in what is referred to as the Era of Good Feelings.The development of a second party, the Whigs, began because of conflicts over the presidency of Andrew Jackson, the Second Bank of the U.S., and tariffs.
90
Describe the rise of the various reform movements of this era. How and why did women play an increasingly important role in this movement? What important role did faith and religious movements particularly in the Second Great Awakening play in the reform movement?
Women began to demand rights in a movement led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott. They held a women's rights conference at the Seneca Fall Convention. At the convention they wrote a Declaration of Women's Rights. The Second Great Awakening encouraged temperance. Led by the American Christian Temperance Union they sought to save the American family by trying to get alcohol declared illegal. They were successful in getting some states to adopt state constitutional amendments banning alcohol. This movement continued until the passage of the 18th amendment in 1920.
91
Did the policies of the Federal Government tend to lean toward practical reality or idealogical purity regardless of the party in office? Why do you think this was? Explain your answer with specific examples.
It tended to lean toward practical reality because once a president got into office they had to do what was best after learning all the information. This happened to Thomas Jefferson when he became president.
92
Describe in detail the rise of an increasingly influential Abolition Movement in America.
They first aimed to stop the slave trade (didn't guarantee the end of slavery), but eventually supported the abolition of slavery as a labor system in as many countries as possible. They created the American Anti-slavery Society.
93
Describe in detail the rise of a new and unique national culture in America. Be sure to include: visual art, literature, music, and philosophy.
CULTURAL INDEPENDENCE proved to be the hardest area for Americans to break free from European models and standards. American intellectuals and artists recognized the need for American cultural independence. In 1780s, Noah Webster declared that "America must be as independent in literature as she is in politics.” The most popular writers of the post-Revolutionary era wrote strongly patriotic accounts. At the beginning of the 19th century, All Americans — particularly painters and writers — were struggling with the notion of what it meant to be an American.
The art was normally regular people doing regular things.
94
Describe the emergence of America as a growing industrial and economic giant. What was the catalyst of this transformation? Why was America almost from its inception a world leader in technological innovation and industrial production?
(Or were they?)
America has virtually unlimited resources to use for industrialization making it easy for America to industrialize. The catalyst for this was the threat of war with either Britain, France, or both.
95
Discuss the role the westward movement and immigration played in the development of both a unique american culture and ethos and in our economic and political development.
People constantly wanted land (or more land) and so they moved West constantly for new opportunities to get land for a cheaper prince.
96
Discuss the major new technological innovations of this era and the role they played in our economic, social, and political development.
There were two technological innovations that profoundly changed daily life in the 19th century. They were both “motive powers”: steam and electricity. According to some, the development and application of steam engines and electricity to various tasks such as transportation and the telegraph, affected human life by increasing and multiplying the mechanical power of human or animal strength or the power of simple tools.
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97
Identify and discuss the key factor in the increasing sectionalization of the cultural, economic, and political systems of the growing United States.
The North - primarily industrial in nature. Business and industry played major roles. While the North was not know for its agricultural production it was the largest producer of grain. Life was faster and commerce important. The South - primarily agricultural. The southern economy was primarily based upon the existence of large family farms known as plantations. The plantation economy relied on cheap labor in the form of slaves to produce tobacco and then cotton. The plantation lifestyle produced a slower more leisurely lifestyle. Farmers on the plantation did not do the work themselves. They were referred to as the "gentleman farmer.”
Issues: . Slavery - first and foremost the most important difference between the north and south was slavery. For the most part most northerners really didn't care about slavery in the beginning but as time went on slavery, the existence of it as well as the extension of slavery into the western territories, became the central issue.
2. Representation - The north and south each wanted power to pass laws that would benefit their section. This meant that the more states that became "free" or "slave" meant more votes, both in the House, Senate and Electoral College, for that section. The issue of representation is played out as we expand westward and decisions must be made about each state.
3. Tariffs - The South resented all tariffs as they relied on British imports for more of their everyday goods. They also needed other nations to purchase cotton form their farms. As the north supported tariffs to protect their growing industries the south became increasingly angered. This tension eventually led to the passage of what South Carolina called "the Tariff of Abominations." The south then argued they had the right of nullification. (nullification - the power of a state to declare a federal law null and void.)
4. States Rights - This issue is a direct outgrowth of the South's fear that the North would pass laws that would hurt it's lifestyle. Some examples would be tariffs and laws to restrict or abolish slavery. The south again claimed they had the right of nullification.
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98
In what ways did the federal government deal with the increasing sectionalism?
The federal government dealt with it by the The Compromise of 1850. It did the following:
1 Admitting California as a free state.
2 Organizing the Mexican Cession Territory without any restriction as to slavery (the Utah and New Mexico territories).
3 Denying the Texas claim to extend its boundary to where the Rio Grande River begins.
4 Compensating Texas for #3 (above) by having the federal government assume the $10 million Texas state debt.
5 Ending the practice of requiring all traded/sold slaves to pass through the District of Columbia but,
6 Keeping slavery legal in D.C. even though it is not a state.
7 Rewriting the Fugitive Slave Act, placing it under the jurisdiction of Federal U.S. Marshals.
8 Denying Congress any future authority to regulate slavery (no more Missouri Compromise-type 36o; 30' provisions).
99
Was the phenomenal of this era an engine of prosperity and opportunity for all Americans or a tool of oppression which created increasing exploitation of labor and an ever widening gap between rich and poor? Support your answer with evidence.
It was a tool of oppression because the South’s economy depended upon slave labor and the North got many of their resources from the South, so if the South failed the entire country would be in economic ruin.
100
Discuss the major developments in the conflict between Native Tribes and western settlement in the newly acquired territories of the west. Was our policy in this era evolving or remaining the same? What were our choices? Which did we choose?
We continued to either kill or move the Native Americans off the land. The compensation was not nearly what the land was worth.
101
What were the key objectives of our emerging foreign policy during this era?
To prevent war with Britain and France
102
Defend or attack the following statement: During this era American foreign policy shifted from reacting to European conflicts and imperialist actions to proactively intervening to protect our own interests.
Yes, because as an independent nation America had to start being more proactive because we no longer had the protection of the British.
103
Why did wave after wave of immigration flow into the U.S. and what role did these immigrants play in our economic, cultural, political, and social development?
They came for opportunity. The Irish accepted whatever wages employers offered them, working in steel mills, warehouses, and shipyards or with construction gangs building canals and railways. As they competed for jobs, they were often confronted with “No Irish Need Apply” signs. Race riots were common between the Irish and the free African Americans who competed for the same low-status jobs. During the eighteenth century, many Germans moved to America in response to William Penn’s offer of free religious expression and cheap land in Pennsylvania. Consequently, when a new wave of Germans immigrated to America starting in the 1830s, there were already enclaves of Germans in the United States. Between 1830 and 1860, more than 1.5 million Germans migrated to American soil. Many of them were farmers, but many were also cultured, educated, professional people who were displaced by the failed democratic revolution in Germany in 1848.
104
Supreme Court case ruled by John Marshall; William Marbury sued for his commission as a judge because he had been promised a job by Adams but was refused by Jefferson.
Decision: Marshall claimed that the Supreme Court cannot rule on the case and rule earlier Judiciary Act of 1780 unconstitutional.
Impact: Established judicial review (Supreme Court has power to determine constitutionality; strengthened /established the judiciary branch)
Marbury v Madison (1803)
105
Land speculators bribed legislators to approve a land, the public wanted the land back, and although the deal was tainted there was a contract.
Decision: States cannot void a legal contract so whatever the contract said is what stayed.
Impact: Further protected property rights; the Supreme Court can invalidate a state action that conflicts with the Constitution.
Fletcher v Peck (1810)
106
Maryland wanted to tax bank notes which could destroy a branch of the national bank. (Can a state oppose the national bank?)
Decision: The state must follow the federal government and the state cannot tax a national bank.
Impact: Enlarges federal power (at the expense of the states)
McCulloch v Maryland
107
New Hampshire wanted to make the private Dartmouth college a state university (Do the states have the right to nullify the obligations of a contract?)
Decision: It is unconstitutional for a state to take over and void a private contract
Impact: Asserted that the states do not have the power to become involved in private business matters and contracts; reasserted federal control over some actions of the state
Dartmouth College v Woodward (1819)
108
Cohens was found guilty by the state court of Virginia of selling lottery tickets illegally (which court holds precedence?)
Decision: The conviction was upheld.
Impact: Asserted that the supreme court is stronger than the state courts.
Cohens v Virginia (1821)
109
New York wanted to issue a steamboat license to allow Ogden to go between New York and New Jersey (giving New York a monopoly of the area) and Gibbons had been doing so without a license (Does navigation count as commerce? Can congress therefore regulate it?)
Decision: Commerce encompasses navigation. Only Congress has the right to regular interstate commerce.
Impact: Broadened the meaning of commerce. Officially asserted that Congress had the power to regulate commerce. Reasserted federal power over state power.
Gibbons v Ogden (1824)
