periodontium

Question 1

the periodontal tissues of the tooth include the ______, _______, ________ processes, and _______ facing tooth

Answer 1

cementum, periodontal ligament, boney alveolar, gingiva

Question 2

the functions of the periodontium include _______ teeth to the alveolar processes, accommodate functional & morphologic changes by acting as a damper of forces applied, allows changes in position of teeth due to _______, promotes repair of _______ e.g., root fractures, seals bone & connective tissue from _______ agents in the oral cavity

Answer 2

anchoring, growth, injuries, infectious

Question 2

gomphosis is the ______ that binds the teeth to bony teeth _______ in the maxillary bone and mandible

Answer 2

joint, sockets

Question 3

the gomphosis is a unique _______ that is formed from _______

Answer 3

fibrous joint, ectomesenchyme

Question 4

the periodontal pocket is normally ______ in depth and has a ______ on its surface which is a layer of bacteria

Answer 4

1-2 mm, biofilm

Question 5

cementum is similar to bone in composition with ______ organic material, collagen type I,III, XII(PDL) a little of V, VI and XIV, ______ mineral hydroxyapatite, and ______ water

Answer 5

23%, 65%, 12%

Question 6

the proteins of the cementum include bone ______, _______, ________, ________, Dentin matrix protein __, and Dentin ________

Answer 6

sialoprotein, Osteopontin, Osteocalcin, Osteonectin, 1, sialoprotein

Question 7

cementum is ______ and covers the root of the teeth

Answer 7

avascular

Question 8

cementum is formed in two stages; ________ that covers the dentin and is formed during root formation and ________ that forms once teeth are erupted and in occlusion

Answer 8

pre-functional/primary, functional/secondary

Question 9

the functions of the cementum include covering root _______, provide a site of ______ for periodontal fibers, and compensate for changes in surrounding ______

Answer 9

dentinal tubules, attachment, bone

Question 10

cementum without cells is called _______ cementum or ______ cementum

Answer 10

acellular, primary

Question 11

in primary cementum _______ layers covers entire root surface and it is the first cementum to be _____

Answer 11

one or more , formed

Question 12

cementum with cells is called ______ cementum or ________ cementum

Answer 12

cellular, secondary

Question 13

secondary cementum is involved with tooth movement, repair, readjustment to changes in bone, usually covers the ________ of root and _________ (within roots) surfaces (e.g., sites where alveolar bone and tooth overlap) and it is the last cementum to be formed after ______ and occlusion

Answer 13

apical third, interradicular, eruption

Question 14

fibrillar cementum is with well defined collagen type ___

Answer 14

1

Question 15

afibrillar cementum is without well defined collage type ______

Answer 15

1

Question 16

extrinsic fiber cementum is with ______ collagen fibers from the periodontal ligament

Answer 16

extrinsic

Question 17

intrinsic fiber cementum is with ______ collagen fibers made by ___________ mostly found in _______ cementum

Answer 17

intrinsic, cementoblasts, reparative

Question 17

primary cementum is formed at a _____ rate, with no embedded _______ and width is ______ over time

Answer 17

slower, cementocytes, constant

Question 18

secondary cementum is formed at a ______ rate with embedded ______ and can ______ over time

Answer 18

faster, cementocytes, widen

Question 19

Cementum exposed in periodontal disease is a dull pale yellow, darker than enamel and feels ________ compared with harder, smoother enamel

Answer 19

grainy

Question 20

cemental caries increases in older
patients due to ________ exposing the
cementum to the oral cavity and biofilms, pain is a ______ finding and thus the lesions can be ______

Answer 20

gingival regression, late, large

Question 21

primary cementum has cementoblasts at the _____

Answer 21

surface

Question 22

the primary cementum has a junction with dentin called the __________ which is an intermingling of cementum and dentin

Answer 22

tome’s granular layer

Question 23

_______ are perpendicular to the cementodentine junction

Answer 23

collagen fibers

Question 24

the extrinsic collagen fibers from the periodontal ligament penetrate the _______

Answer 24

cementum

Question 25

sharpey's fibers are the same as extrinsic fibers and they run through the periodontal ligament and similarly insert into the ________

Answer 25

alveolar bone

Question 26

cementoblasts synthesize collagen fibers which intermingle with collagen fibers of _____ with the organic component (_______) becoming mineralized soon after

Answer 26

dentin, cementoid

Question 27

cementum has two types of striations being the ________ striations that reflect the insertion of the PDL fibers and the _____ incremental layers reflect sequential layering of cementum

Answer 27

horizontal, parallel

Question 28

secondary cementum is found in the ______ of the roots, forms in the interradicular regions of the premolar and molar teeth, and teeth with ________ do not have much of any secondary cementum

Answer 28

apical 3rd, one root

Question 29

once the teeth are erupted and there is occlusion then ________ is formed

Answer 29

secondary cementum

Question 30

cementoid is the ________ deposited by cementocytes

Answer 30

collagen matrix

Question 31

cementoid is unmineralized and becomes mineralized by trapping the ________

Answer 31

cementoblasts

Question 32

cementoblasts from _______ are on the surface of the cementum

Answer 32

ectomesenchyme

Question 33

cementocytes are in the lacunae/ trapped in the secondary cementum, they contain processes in canaliculi projecting towards the _______ which is vascularized, and they also transport ______ to the cell body

Answer 33

PDL, nutrients

Question 34

canaliculi of the cementocytes are directed towards the tooth surface to promote the transfer of ______

Answer 34

nutrients

Question 35

acellular extrinsic fiber cementum attaches the cementum to the ______, main cementum in tooth ________, and covers the _______

Answer 35

PDL, attachment, whole root

Question 36

cellular cementum is located apically and intraradicularly, not necessary for _______ the tooth and is more involved in ______ functions

Answer 36

supporting, reparative

Question 37

cementum enamel junction contains overlapping cementum, a ______ between cementum and enamel,

Answer 37

gap

Question 38

__________ is located at the junction of the inner and outer enamel epithelial

Answer 38

hertwig's epithelial root sheath

Question 39

upon fragmentation of hertwig's root sheath predentin induces differentiation of ________

Answer 39

cementoblasts

Question 40

cells that become cementoblasts are either _______ origin or possibly _______ cells

Answer 40

neural crest, root sheath

Question 41

the HER's induces pulp to form _______ which produce predentin, the root sheath fragments exposing ________ cells to the developing dentin and cells of the dental follical/sac give rise to _______ in response to dentin formation

Answer 41

odontoblasts, dental follicle/sac, cementoblasts

Question 42

the perforating collagen fibers (extrinsic/sharpey's) of the periodontal ligament pass between _______ early in cementum development and thus becoming embedded in the _______

Answer 42

cementoblasts, inorganic matrix

Question 43

HERs cells contribute to the formation of the ________

Answer 43

cell rests of malassez

Question 44

other HERs cells migrate _____ from the dentin towards the dental sac as cementum is laid down, some become _______ in the developing cementum and become the ________ found in the periodontal ligament

Answer 44

away, trapped, epithelial cell of malassez

Question 45

epithelial rest of malassez are found in ______ or in ______ along the cementum

Answer 45

clusters, long strands

Question 46

cementicles are mineralized acelluar cementum spheres at the _______ or ______ and is the only acellular cementum formed later in life and they increase with age

Answer 46

cemental root , PDL

Question 47

hypercementatosis is the excessive production of _______ cementum which can be caused by ________ and other pathological conditions

Answer 47

secondary cellular, occlusal trauma

Question 48

the alveolar bone has an outer (buccal or lingual) ________, _______ bone and bone lining the ________

Answer 48

cortical plate, spongy , alveolus

Question 49

the alveolar bone proper (lamina dura) is the ______ of the alveolar process that faces the tooth

Answer 49

surface

Question 50

cortical bone is also called ______

Answer 50

bundle bone

Question 51

bundle bone is often _______ due to tooth movement like Invisalign, stressors or periodontitis

Answer 51

remodeled

Question 52

the periodontal ligament supports, attaches, and cushions teeth, contains a _____ and attaches to _______ and ______

Answer 52

high nerve supply, alveolar bone, cementum

Question 53

the PDL comes from the _______ and starts around the ________

Answer 53

ectomesenchyme, enamel organ

Question 54

ectomesenchyme gives rise to ______, _______, _______, _______, ________, collagen fibers type ____ and _____ and _____ fibers

Answer 54

fibroblasts, cementoblasts, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, cementoclasts, I, III, elastic

Question 55

collagen forms the _____ cells and osteoblasts develop and form the ______

Answer 55

dental sac, alveolar bone

Question 56

the periodontal ligament componants includes collagen type ___ and ____ and _____ microfibrils that embed into the cementum and the lamina dura of the alveolar bone

Answer 56

I, III, elastic

Question 57

the periodontal ligament is remodeled in response to _______ like chewing and orthodontics, ________ low vitamin C which will cause impaired collagen production and ______ which causes it to be more fibrous, less cellular and replacement decreases

Answer 57

use/manipulation, metabolic, aging

Question 58

the 5 groups of fibers of the PDL that connect bone to tooth include the _______ group, the ______ group, the ______ group, the ________ group and the ________ group which attaches the whole surface of the interface between alveolar bone and the tooth

Answer 58

alveolar crest , horizontal, oblique, apical, interradicular

Question 59

fibers that attach bone to tooth in the PDL also include the _______ that attaches tooth to gingiva, the _________ that attaches the tooth to the outer crest of the alveolar bone, the _______ attaches the crest of the alveolar bone to the gingiva, and the ________ that attaches adjacent teeth to one another over alveolar bone crest

Answer 59

dentoginvival, dentoperiosteal, alveolargingival, transseptal ligament

Question 60

periodontal ligament blood vessels form a single layered vascular mesh located in the _________ and surrounds the tooth like a basket

Answer 60

middle of the periodontal space

Question 61

the nerve supply of the periodontal ligaments has nerves running from the ________ to the ________ margin with four types of neural transmissions and volkmann's canals

Answer 61

apical region, gingival

Question 62

the four types of nerve ending which includes the _______ endings, ______ endings, ______ endings, and _______

Answer 62

free nerve, ruffini, coiled, encapsulated

Question 63

the free nerve endings are ________ and _______ that send signals from _____, ______, and _______

Answer 63

nociceptors, mechanoreceptors, pain, pressure, temperature

Question 64

the ruffini endings are _________ that send signals on _______

Answer 64

mechanoreceptors, pressure

Question 65

coiled endings and encapsulated have _______

Answer 65

functions unknown