Personality 1101 Flashcards
(35 cards)
What is the social cognitive of personality
*Emphasises that personality develops through experience and rational thought, also automatic and non-conscious
*Personality is developed by how those experiences are laid in brain,
-Personality develops through one’s stable patterns of responding to things
-learned behaviours are linked with triggers in environment.
Learning may be though operant conditioning, Pavlovian learning or social learning.
*Key constructs are stored in the brain- beliefs, expectations, memories.
How is information processed according to social cognitive theory
Node becomes activated when you see something that you have seen before. Nodes that are activated together start to become wired together. Associate one thing with another.
If they happen together a lot, activating any node in the cluster will activate them all.
-Strong links between triggers of behaviour eg domestic violence
If they are not activated, they start to decay, and other patterns can be formed.
Triggers can become like a script, that are repeated over and over.
Who has a well-respected model in social cognitive theory
Anderson and Bushman called general aggression model
Who were some key researchers in social cognitive theory
Albert Bandura
Nancy Cantor
What was Albert Bandura’s contribution to social cognitive theory
The founder of social cognitive theory
Core concept
People can learn through observation, imitation and modelling, even in the absence of reinforcement or Pavlovian conditioning.
Adds a social element to human learning
Learning is influenced by factors such as attention, motivation, attitudes, and emotion
Assumes internal mental states are a crucial part of this process
Blending of social learning theory and cognitive psychology
Focuses on how individuals perceive, recall, think about and interpret information about themselves and others
How does self-efficacy play a role in whether we choose to enact a learned behaviour or not
Self-efficacy expectancy – the expectancy that one has the capability to carry out the behaviour to reach a desired outcome
Predicts success on task performance
How does behaviour outcome expectancy play a role in whether we chose to enact a learned behaviour or not
Behaviour outcome expectancy – the expectation that a certain behaviour will lead to a certain outcome
Predicts attempts to obtain an outcome if you think you will be successful
What is required to learn and enact another’s behaviour
Be paying attention
Be able to retain the information learned
Be motivated to initiate the seen behaviour; seen rewards and punishments play a role here
Reproduce the seen behaviour, practicing it to become more skilled
What was Nancy Cantor’s contribution to social cognitive theory
Self-understanding is largely determined by:
How we conceive ourselves and others
How we encode social information
How we interpret social information
How we remember social information
Accurate and well organised schemas lead to a more functional person
What is a schema
What to expect based on memory or previous experience eg What to expect at restaurant
Provide a lens through which we see the world
May include - Knowledge, Beliefs, Emotions, Memories, Links to other concepts, thoughts, feelings, emotions, Ways to respond, action tendencies
Help to categorise and interpret experiences in a meaningful and efficient way
Their influence is generally out of conscious awareness and is usually automatic
What is a schema in terms of neural networks
group of nodes with associative links that are so strong that the activation of any node/concept within it will begin to activate the entire schema network. If enough nodes are activated, the entire schema will ‘reach threshold’, become fully activated, and then influence the person’s thoughts, feelings and behaviour
What is a primed schema
If some nodes are activated, but the schema does not reach threshold, it is said to be primed.
A primed schema can clearly influence behaviour, but that influence will be automatic
What is a maladaptive schema
Prompts inappropriate responses
We see things with a bias eg Lots of things may make us disappointed
Way of seeing oneself and others which is dysfunctional
How are early maladaptive schemas formed
Develop out of an interplay between the child’s innate temperament and bad experiences of the child with others, such as abuse, neglect, excessive criticism, abandonment
Bad childhood experiences
What is an abandonment schema
My relationships are unstable or unreliable and can’t give me what I need
Significant others will leave
Developmental origin:
Parent or primary caregiver left the house
Parents withdrew
Parents unpredictable
Parents moody
Alcoholic parents
Parents seemed to prefer a different sibling
What is a mistrust/abuse schema
Belief that others will intentionally take advantage
Developmental origin:
Physical, sexual abuse; sadistic parents
Childhood experiences of manipulation, humiliation, betrayal
Severe punishment, retaliation
Ostracism within own family
What is an emotional deprivation schema
Emotional support will not be met by others.
Developmental origin:
Cold, indifferent parenting
Not being loved or valued within one’s family
Lack of parental time, attention, empathy
Very insecure home environment
What is a social isolation schema
The feeling that one is isolated from the rest of the world, different from others
Developmental origin:
Rejected, ostracised, excluded, ignored
Teased, humiliated
Made to feel different
What is a shame schema
Belief that one is defective, bad, inferior, or unwanted, and would be unlovable to significant others
Hypersensitive to criticism, blame, rejection, comparisons to others,
Developmental origin:
Extremely critical, demeaning, punitive, blaming parenting
Sexual, physical, emotional abuse
Neglectful, unloving parents
Repeated unfavourable comparisons to others; made to feel a disappointment
What is a failure schema
Belief that one has failed, will inevitably fail, or is fundamentally inadequate in relation to one’s peers
Developmental origin:
Parenting that is abusive or very critical,
Parents who compete with their children or compare them unfavourably to others
Actual failure
What is subjugation schema
Excessive surrendering of control to others
Developmental origin:
Parenting that is very punitive, dominating, controlling, angry; love given conditionally
Rights, needs, opinions not respected
Anger at parents for loss of freedom
Premature family responsibilities
What is an entitlement schema
Belief that one is superior to others, entitled to special rights, not bound by normal rules
Developmental origin - Spoiled entitlement:
Spoiled by one or both parents
Child not asked to take responsibility,
Parents don’t follow thru with consequences
Developmental origin - Dependent overindulgence:
Child over-indulged
Child becomes dependent on parents
Parents assume responsibilities
Child comes to expect this level of care
most entitlement schemas seem to involve a reaction-formation type of overcompensation for feelings of defectiveness, emotional deprivation and social exclusion
How does schema therapy work
developed a therapy for personality disorders (e.g., borderline personality disorder; narcissistic personality disorder) based on changing entrenched schemas
Schemas are challenged and new patterns of thinking established over a significant period of therapy (often 2-3+ years).
What is script theory
Evaluate your actions to a situation. A script is a schema about how a particular event plays out over time
