Personality, Attitude, and Behavior Flashcards
(70 cards)
1
Q
Big 5 personality traits
A
- Openness to experience
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism - most psychopathology
2
Q
psychoanalytic theory of personality
A
- Freud
- Erickson
3
Q
libido
A
- life instinct drives behaviors focused on pleasure, survival, and avoidance of pain
4
Q
death instinct
A
- drives behaviors fueled by unconscious desire to die, hurt oneself, or others
5
Q
id
A
- largely unconscious
- responsible for our drives to avoid pain and seek pleasure
6
Q
ego
A
- responsible for logical thinking and planning
- attempts to compromise between id and supergo
7
Q
superego
A
- responsible for our moral judgements of right and wrong
- strives for perfection
8
Q
psychosexual stages of development
A
- oral
- anal
- phallic
- latency
- genital
9
Q
oral
A
- 0-1
- mouth(sucking, chewing, eating, biting, vocalizing)
- orally agressive: verbal abuse
- orally passive: smoking, overeating
10
Q
anal
A
- 1-3
- anus (bowel and bladder control)
- anal retentive: overly neat, tidy
- anal expulsive: disorganized
11
Q
phallic
A
- 3-6
- genitals (masturbation)
- penis envy
- Oedipus complex (males) - fall in love with mom. feel competitive with dad
- Electra complex (females) - fall in love with dad. feel competitive with mom.
- fall out of love with opposite sex parent and can identify with same sex parent.
12
Q
latency
A
- 6-12
- no sexual feelings
13
Q
genital
A
- 12+
- sexual interests mature
- frigidity, impotence, difficulty in intimate relationships
14
Q
how Erikson extended Freud’s ideas
A
- including social and interpersonal factors
- extending the stages through adulthood
15
Q
Erikson’s stages
A
- Trust vs. Mistrust
- Autonomy vs. Shame
- Initiative vs. Guilty
- Industry vs. Inferiority
- Identity vs. Role Confusion
- Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Generativity vs. Stagnation
- Integrity vs. Despair
16
Q
Trust vs. mistrust
A
- infancy
- trust: infant needs met
- mistrust: infant needs not met
17
Q
autonomy v. shame
A
- early childhood
- autonomy: children learn self-control
- shame: children remain dependent
18
Q
initiative v. guilt
A
- preschool age
- initiative: children achieve purpose
- guilt: children thwarted in efforts
19
Q
industry v. inferiority
A
- school age
- industry: children gain competence
- inferiority: children feel incompetent
20
Q
identity v. role confusion
A
- adolescence
- identity: adolescence learn sense of self
- RCL adolescence lack own self identity
21
Q
intimacy v. isolation
A
- young adulthood
- intimacy: YA develop mature relationships
- isolation: YA unable to create social ties
22
Q
generativity v. stagnation
A
- middle age
- generativity: adults contribute to others/society
- stagnation - adults feel life is meaningless
23
Q
integrity vs. despair
A
- later life
- integrity: adults develop wisdom
- despair: adults feel unaccomplished
24
Q
humanist perspective of personality
A
- Rogers
- humans are driven by an actualizing tendency to realize their own highest potential, and personality conflicts arise when this is somehow thwarted.
25
self concept influenced by
- unconditional and conditional positive regard
26
unconditional positive regard
- have the opportunity to achieve self actualization
27
conditional positive regard
- feel worthy only when they've met certain conditions
28
incongruence
- difference between real self and ideal self
| - may cause psychopathology
29
behaviorist perspective
- BF Skinner
- personality is a result of learned behavior patterns based on our environment
- does not take thoughts and feelings into account
- people begin as blank slates and environmental reinforcement and punishment completely determine an individual's subsequent behavior and personalities
- all behavior is a result of conditioning
30
social cognitive perspective
- Bandura
| - personality is a result of reciprocal interactions among behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors
31
behavioral component
- patterns of behavior learned through classical and operant conditioning
- observational learning
32
- cognitive component
- mental processes involved in observational learning
| - conscious cognitive processes such as self-efficacy beliefs
33
environmental component
- situational influences such as rewards, opportunities, and punishments.
34
trait perspective
- personality is a result of traits, which are habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion that are relatively stable over time
35
cardinal traits
- dominate an individual's whole life, often to the point that the person becomes known specifically for these traits
36
central traits
- the general characteristics that form the basic foundation of personality
37
secondary traits
- traits that are sometimes related to attitudes or preferences and often appear only in certain situations or under specific circumstances
38
biological perspective
- Eysenck
| - personality is a result of individual differences in brain biology
39
Eysenck's theories
- personality traits are hierarchical with a few basic traits giving rise to a large array
- genetically determined differences determine personality traits
- variations in extraversion and neuroticism give rise to different types of personality
40
behavioral genetics
- a field in which variation among individuals is separated into genetic versus environmental components
- nature vs. nurture
41
shared environment
- environment shared by siblings reared in the same family
42
nonshared (unique) environment
- the environment unique to the individual
43
heritability
- a metric used to determine how much of a variation is caused by genetic differences
44
epigenetic differences
- translational changes in DNA sequences that are triggered by altering DNA sequences
- caused by environment or development
- result in phenotypic differences
45
attitude
- our evaluation of other people, events, etc
- formed from our past experiences and are measurable and changeable
- have an important impact on our emotions and behaviors
46
components of attitude
- Affect - our feelings
- Behavior - our internal and external responses
- Cognition - our thoughts and beliefs
47
situations in which attitude better predicts behavior
- social influences are reduced - behavior susceptible to social influences
- general patterns of behavior, not specific, are observed
- specific attitudes, rather than general, are considered
- self reflection occurs
48
situations in which behaviors are more likely to influence attitude
- role playing - Zambardo experiment
- public declarations
- justification of effort
49
principle of aggregation
- attitude affects a person's aggregate or average behavior, not each isolated act.
50
cognitive dissonance
- we feel tension whenever we hold two thoughts or beliefs to that are incompatible, or when our attitudes and behaviors don't match.
- to reduce this, we make our views of the world match how we feel or what we've done
51
components of emotion
- physiological (bodily) - physiological arousal or excited state
- behavioral (action) - expressive behaviors that accompany the emotion
- cognitive (mental) - appraisal and interpretation of the situation
52
universal emotions
- expressed across all cultures by all humans
- happy
- sad
- fear
- anger
- disgust
- surprise
53
Yerkes-Dodson Law
- relationship between performance and arousal
- inverted U
- for most people in most tasks, the best arousal is a medium level
54
how is emotion adaptive?
- enhances survival by promoting quick decisions
- promotes group cohesion and solidarity
- helps in decision making on a daily basis
55
James-Lange theory of emotion
- physiological arousal causes emotion
56
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
- emotion and physiological arousal happen simultaneously and independently
57
Schachter-Singer theory of emotion
- emotion determined by arousal and context
| - cognitive interpretation
58
thalamus
- sensory relay station from senses except smell
59
hypothalamus
- motivated behaviors
- hunger
- thirst
60
frontal lobe
- executive functions
- regulation of emotions
- decision making
61
olfactory bulb
- processes smell
62
amygdala
- fear
63
hippocampus
- memory consolidation
| - short term memory to long term memory
64
motivation
- the driving force that causes us to act or behave in certain ways
65
instincts
- behaviors that are unlearned and are present in fixed patterns throughout a species
66
drives
- urges originating from a physiological discomfort
67
needs
- includes basic and higher-order needs
68
arousal
- even when a person's needs have already been met
69
drive-reduction theory
- a physiological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce the need by engaging in some behavior
- similar to a negative feedback loop
70
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
- physiological needs
- safety needs
- love and belonging
- esteem needs
- self-actualization
- not all needs are created equal and some take priority over others
- if the needs at the bottom are met, then we will seek higher needs.
