Social Theories and Social Structures Flashcards
(56 cards)
1
Q
standard deviations away from the mean
A
- 1 - 68%
- 2 - 95%
- 3 - 99%
2
Q
population
A
- all of the potential people a study is trying to understand
3
Q
sample
A
- a subset of the population whose data is utilized in the study.
4
Q
sample statistic
A
- a value taken from a sample
5
Q
population parameter
A
- a value taken from a population
6
Q
type 1 error
A
- false positive
7
Q
type 2 error
A
- false negative
8
Q
internal validity
A
- the extent to which we can say that the change in the outcome variable is due to the intervention
9
Q
external validity
A
- the extent to which the findings can be generalized to the real world.
10
Q
what is absolutely essential in any study?
A
- assignment must be random!
11
Q
functionalism
A
- parts of society work together to maintain stability (dynamic or equilibrium)
- compares society to a living organism
- macro (top-down)
- Durkheim
12
Q
conflict theory
A
- parts of society work against each other in competition for limited resources
- macro (top-down)
- Marx/Weber
13
Q
Symbolic interactionism
A
- individuals communicate with each other using culturally learned symbols
- micro (bottom-up)
- Mead
14
Q
social constructionism
A
- individual interaction results in socially agreed upon “constructs”
- can be both
- bottom-up approach
15
Q
rational choice theory
A
- individuals act based on the costs and benefits
- micro
16
Q
social exchange theory
A
- individuals interact based on rewards (benefits) and punishments (costs)
- micro
17
Q
feminism
A
- women deserve rights that are politically, socially, and economically equal to men
- can be both
18
Q
manifest function
A
- intended and obvious consequences of a structure
19
Q
latent function
A
- unintended or less obvious consequences
20
Q
Karl Marx view of capitalism
A
- capitalism produces internal tensions that will ultimately destroy capitalist society, to be replaced by socialism
21
Q
Max Weber view of capitalism
A
- capitalist system does lead to conflict, but the collapse is not inevitable.
22
Q
founding fathers of sociology
A
- Durkheim
- Marx
- Weber
23
Q
socialization
A
- the dynamic, ongoing process by which an individual internalizes the values, beliefs, and norms of their society and learns to function as a member of that society.
24
Q
first-wave feminism
A
- women’s suffrage, to own property, equal rights in marriage, work for wages
25
second-wave feminism
- gender equality, sexual rights, reproductive rights, resisting patriarchal structure
26
third-wave feminism
- areas of concern left untheorized by first and second wave feminists who were mostly white, middle-class, heterosexual, and American or European.
27
intersectionality
- study of overlapping systems of oppression and how systematic injustice and social inequality can occur on a multidimensional basis.
28
hidden curriculum
- unintentional lessons taught in school about norms, values, and beliefs
29
teacher expectancy
- expectations about how an individual/group will perform academically that impacts the teachers behavior toward the individual/group and results in individual/group conforming to expectations
30
monarchy
- a representative from one family controls the government and power is passed on through that family from generation to generation
31
democracy
- a political system in which citizens periodically choose officials to run their government
32
authoritarian
- a political system that does not allow citizens to participate in government
33
totalitarianism
- a political system under which the government maintains tight control over nearly all aspects of citizen's lives.
34
welfare capitalism
- a system that features a market-based economy coupled with an extensive welfare system that include free health care and education for all citizens
35
state capitalism
- a system under which resources and means of production are privately owned but closely monitored and regulated by the government
36
medicalization
- a social process whereby human conditions come to be defined and treated as medical conditions
37
conditional sick role
- the condition or illness is temporary
38
unconditionally legitimate sick role
- condition or illness is incurable
39
illegitimate role
- the condition or illness is stigmatized by others.
40
traditional theory
- learning and understanding a given society rather than proactively making change.
41
value
- culturally approved concept about what is right or wrong
42
beliefs
- specific ideas that people feel to be true
| - values support beliefs
43
cultural lag
- the fact that culture takes time to catch up with technological innovations;
- causes social problems and conflicts
44
assimilation
- the process by which a person or a group's language or culture come to resemble those of another group
45
multiculturalism
- the preservation of various cultures or cultural identities within a single unified society
46
ethnocentrism
- the belief in the inherent superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture
47
cultural relativism
- the principle that an individual human's beliefs and activities should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture.
48
dominant culture
- the group whose members are in the majority or who wield more power than other groups
49
subculture
- a group that lives differently from, but not opposed to, the dominant culture
- culture within a culture
50
counterculture
- a subculture that opposes the dominant culture
51
cultural transmission
- the methods a group of people within a society or culture use to learn and pass on new information
52
cultural diffusion
- the spread of cultural beliefs and activities from one group to another.
53
wrote extensively on the nature of capital
- Karl Marx
54
known for studies of early religious behavior, the effect of religion on social solidarity, and his description of the modern division of labor
- Durkheim
55
known for his foundational studies in pragmatism and symbolic interaction
- Mead
56
known for his theories of social structure, economy, and religion
- Weber
