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Abnormal > Personality disorders > Flashcards

Personality disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what makes certain personality traits clinically significant

A

if they interfere with life at work/ home etc. across multiple contexts. some traits can be adaptive in work

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2
Q

what makes up the nurture aspect of personality

A

your character- your acquired values and attitudes

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3
Q

what makes up the nature aspect of personality

A

your innate temperament/ disposition - genetic and constitutional

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4
Q

what are the 3 core features of PDs

A

functional inflexibility
self-defeating
and unstable in response to stress
ALSO: lack of insight into dysfunction of personality

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5
Q

before receiving a specific PD diagnosis, what must occur?

A

people must meet criteria for a general PD first

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6
Q

what do people with PDs distress about

A

the consequences of their behaviour

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7
Q

PD diagnosis in DSM-5?

A

PD= an enduring pattern of inner experience and behaviour that:
deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture,
•is pervasive and inflexible,
•has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood,
•is stable over time, and
•leads to distress or impairment.

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8
Q

whats the criteria for a general PD

A

Significant impairments in self (identity or self-direction) and interpersonal (empathy or intimacy) functioning.
•One or more pathological personality trait domains / facets.
across contexts etc/ not cultural

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9
Q

when does general PD need to start

A

young adulthood because personality is developing before that

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10
Q

what did PDs in DSM-4 look like

A

you had 2 axes
axis 1 = episodic/ major clinical disorders
axis 2 = PDs

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11
Q

characters of each cluster

A

A: odd-eccentric
B: dramatic - emotional
C: anxious- fearful

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12
Q

do people tend to present within distinct categories

A

no 60% don’t. There is blurring across them. Clustering is there to recognise they have similar traits.

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13
Q

is the dimensional approach recognized in DSM 5

A

in proposed disorders appendix for consideration

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14
Q

whats the difference between paranoid pd and schizophrenia

A

dont necessarily need to have delusions in PPD. different to here where it is basically across all situations - not contained to a specific person

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15
Q

difference between the two DSM 4 axes?

A

axis 1 was more acute symptoms that required treatment while axis 2 was more enduring and pervasive and involved self and identity

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16
Q

paranoid PD A

A

consistent & pervasive pattern of distrust, suspiciousness and prolonged grudges

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17
Q

schizoid PD A

A

Detachment and disinterest

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18
Q

schizotypal PD A

A

Marked interpersonal deficits, behavioural eccentricities and distortions in perception & thinking

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19
Q

avoidant PD C

A

Pervasive social inhibition, discomfort in social situations, feelings of inadequacy, l

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20
Q

dependent PD C

A

Exaggerated fear of being incapable of doing things or taking care of things on their own –reliance on others, lack self confidence, abusive relationships

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21
Q

obsessive compulsive PD C

A

rigidity, need for control, neatness, overly attended to detail

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22
Q

what does it mean that PDs are not episodic

A

traceable over many contexts, pervasive across many social situations

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23
Q

why dont schizotypals warrant a psychotic disorder diagnosis

A

psychotic symptoms tend to be more transient in nature

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24
Q

antisocial PD B

A

aggressive acts, lack of remorse, impulsive and irritable

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25
Q

Borderline PD B

A

oscillate between emotions, relational instability, self harm, emptiness and dissociation during stress

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26
Q

narcissistic PD B

A

inflated self worth, exploits others, lack of empathy, jealous

27
Q

histrionic PD B

A

excessive attention seeking, seductiveness, emotional, influenced easily

28
Q

is psychopathy listed as a disorder in the DSM 5

A

no, closest to antisocial PD but less emphasis on behaviour

29
Q

how would someone with antisocial PD score on the psychopathy checklist PCL-R

A

they would score high in section 2 only:

  1. emotional detachment section
  2. antisocial behaviour section
30
Q

a challenge to the categorical approach?

A

high comorbidity between PD and other disorders

31
Q

challenge to dimensional approach?

A

too many models. complex

32
Q

highest and lowest disability?

A
  • Highest disability = BPD

- Lowest disability = OCPD

33
Q

beck’s cognitive model

A

Each PD is characterised by specific maladaptive core beliefs
which influence processing of info to support the beliefs

34
Q

young’s schema therapy model

A

extended schema from just cognition to include emotions, behaviours and bodily sensations

35
Q

are schema always consciously available

A

no

36
Q

what causes schema perpetuation

A

selective interpretation

schema coping styles

37
Q

what are the 3 schema coping styles

A

schema; surrender, avoidance and overcompensation

38
Q

according to Linehan, what causes BPD

A

its the consequence of dysregulated emotions,( due to dysfunction caused by emotional vulnerability and negative experiences,) and the maladaptive coping strategies aimed at modifying these painful emotions

39
Q

whats the aim of Linehan’s Dialectical Behaviour Therapy?

A

emphasis on helping the person to find a balance between acceptance of self and to change important aspects of their experience

40
Q

aim of cognitive analytic therapy ?

A

encourage them to identify and reflect on their relational patterns and the ways in which these are enacted with others and towards themselves in a manner that maintains their problems -> patterns are revised and more adaptive ones are learned

41
Q

is CAT a relational model?

A

yes it argues that internalised early relational experiences shape later relationships with others and themselves

42
Q

what are reciprocal roles in CAT

A

The internalised dyadic relational patterns of self and others -> from neurobiological factors and early traumatic experiences

43
Q

what is Ryle’s multiple self states model

A

3 features responsible for the range of problems in BPD

  • dissociation between aspects of self
  • limited repertoire of harsh, punitive or abusing reciprocal roles
  • deficient capacity for self reflection
44
Q

what is mentalisation based treatment

A

Emphasises the role of mentalisation in the development of sense of self and functioning in relationships.
uses the therapeutic relationship to stabilise the person’s sense of self and to enhance their capacity to know their own mind and that of others.

45
Q

what does mentalisation based treatment say is the cause of BPD

A

absence of mirroring - > child internalises the carer’s marked state. an ‘alien self’ image is externalised to cope with frightening image of self

46
Q

biological factors for antisocial PD?

A 
genetics
low serotonin -> impulsivity and aggression
high testosterone
low physiological arousal
abnormal frontal/ PFC
47
Q

whats the somatic marker hypothesis of psychopathy

A

They have no emotional biasing signals that steer them away from the negative options so they continue to make bad choices based on short term consequences
Iowa Gambling Task

48
Q

what does the violence inhibition mechanism model say of psychopaths

A

they lack the mechanism to inhibit aggression due to dysfunction of amygdala in processing distress cues - causes them not to feel or recognize fear

49
Q

biological basis of BPD

A

genetics
serotonin
pre-fontal deficits -> failure to control neg emotions
heightened activity in limbic system -> disordered emotional behaviour
suppressed cortisol responses

50
Q

difference between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism?

A 
1 = entitlement and lack of empathy
2. = external presentation of low self esteem with inner core of inflated self beliefs
51
Q

which PD is described as active dependent

A

histrionic

52
Q

3 cross overs of Cleckley’s psychopathy and DSM 5’s antisocial PD?

A

lack of remorse
failure to plan ahead
untruthfulness

53
Q

is it possible to meet criteria for APD without characteristics of psychopathy

A

yes

54
Q

psychopathy overlap with NPD?

A

lack of empathy

55
Q

difference between avoidant PD and SAD?

A

SAD have insight and know their anxieties are irrational

APD affects their identity

56
Q

difference between OCD and OCPD

A

OCPD are more persistent and unchanging and obsessions are distressing in OCD

57
Q

whats complex trauma

A

small trauma e.g. caregiver invalidating the child constantly

58
Q

what does complex trauma do to the child

A

doesnt learn ability to self soothe - prolonged stress over time

59
Q

how can reinforcement affect BPD

A

milder emotional displays were dismissed -> extreme gestures responded to with care and concern

60
Q

whats dialectical mean

A

2 things can seem like opposites but both be true at the same time

61
Q

4 modes of DBT

A

individual therapy, skills group, skills coaching, consultation team

62
Q

which 2 treatments for BPD have level 1 evidence?

A

DBT and schema therapy

63
Q

whats the evidence for DBT

A

evidence it reduces life threatening behaviours (not enough evidence for emotional stability)

Abnormal (19 decks)

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