Personality Psychology Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
3 Levels of Personality Analysis
A
- Human Nature
- Individual and Group Differences
- Individual Uniqueness
2
Q
Human Nature
A
How we are “like all others”
- Traits and mechanisms of personality that are typical of our SPECIES and possessed by NEARLY EVERYONE
3
Q
Individual Differences
A
How we are “like some others”
- EACH PERSON is like some other
people
- e.g., extraverts, sensations-
seekers, high self-esteem persons
4
Q
Group Differences
A
- The people of ONE GROUP differ from people in another group
- e.g., cultural differences, age differences)
5
Q
Individual Uniqueness
A
How we are “like no others”
- every individual has personal
and UNIQUE qualities not shared by
any other person in the world
- nomothetically or ideographically
6
Q
Most current personality research
addresses…
A
- Individuals and groups differences
- Specialize in a particular domain, such as biological aspects of personality or how culture impacts personality
- Not human universals
7
Q
Nomothetic
A
- Group differences
- Need sample size
8
Q
Idiographic
A
Case study research
9
Q
Grand Theories of Personality
A
UNIVERSAL account of the FUNDAMENTAL psychological processes and characteristics of our species
- Psychoanalytic theory
10
Q
Domains of Knowledge
A
- Learning about specific and limited aspects of human nature
- Reasonable, but we must strive to integrate diverse domains of knowledge to get the “big picture” of
personality - Contrast to the grand theories of personality
11
Q
Six Domains of Knowledge
A
- Dispositional
- Biological
- Intrapsychic
- Cognitive-Experimental
- Social and Cultural
- Adjustment
12
Q
Dispositional Domain
A
- Individual differs from one another
- Across all other domains
- Number and nature of fundamental dispositions
- Identify and measure the most important individual difference
- Origin and development of individual difference
13
Q
Biological Domain
A
- Humans are collections of
biological systems, and these systems provide building blocks for behavior, thought, and emotion - Behavioral GENETIC of personality
- PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY of personality
- EVOLUTIONARY personality psychology
14
Q
Intrapsychic Domain
A
- Mental mechanisms of personality, many of which operate outside conscious awareness
- UNCONSCIOUS
- PSYCHOANALYSIS: repression,
denial, projection, and motives for power, achievement, and affiliation
15
Q
Cognitive-Experiential
Domain
A
Cognition & Subjective experience
- Conscious, Thoughts, Feelings, Beliefs, Desires about oneself and others
- Self and self-concept
- Goals
- Emotional experiences in general and over time
16
Q
Social and Cultural Domain
A
Personality affects, and is affected by, cultural and social contexts
- Cultural differences or between groups (e.g., in social acceptability of aggression)
- individual differences within cultures
- sex differences and gender differences in personality processes
- Traits and mechanisms
17
Q
Adjustment Domain
A
- How we COPE, adapt, and adjust to events in daily life
- health outcomes
- problems in coping and adjustment
18
Q
What is theory?
A
An integrated set of PRINCIPLES that
EXPLAIN and PREDICT observed events
19
Q
What is hypothesis?
A
A TESTABLE PROPOSITION that describes a relationship that may exist between events.
20
Q
Characteristics of a good theory
A
- Comprehensive
- Heuristic value
- Testability
- Parsimony
- Compatibility and integration across domains and levels
21
Q
Two Ways of Trait Study
A
- Traits are the cause of behavior.
- Descriptive summary of individuals’ habits
22
Q
Traits
Identification:
3 Approaches
A
- Lexical
- Statistical
- Theoretical
23
Q
Lexical Approach
A
Individual differences manifest in
VOCABULARIES in each culture.
24
Q
Statistical Approach
A
- Organize the groups of vocabularies/items
- Factor analysis
- Factor loading
25
Theoretical Approach
A theory that determines which variables are important
26
Sociosexual orientation
2 alternative sexual relationship strategies
- Single committed relationship
- Promiscuity
27
Eysenck’s Hierarchical Model of Personality
3 Levels
1. Super traits: Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism
2. Narrower traits
3. Habitual acts
28
Wiggins circumplex
Interpersonal traits
1. Love (Warm/Cold)
2. Status (Dominant/Submissive)
Interaction: Adjacency, Orthogonality, Bipolarity
29
Five-factor Model of Personality
Lexical + statistical approach
1. English dictionary
2. Stable traits
3. Clusters
4. Factor analysis
30
Personality Traits that fall outside of the Big-5
Conventionality, Seductiveness, Manipulativeness,
Thriftiness, Humorousness, Integrity, Femininity, Religiosity, Risk Taking, and Egotism
31
Personality Development
Stability and Change
32
Three Key Forms of Stability
1. Rank order stability
2. Mean level stability
3. Personality coherence
33
Rank Order Stability/Change
Maintenance or failure of maintaining of individual position within a group (across time)
34
Mean Level Stability/Change
The average level of traits in a group remains the same or change over time.
35
Personality Coherence
- Maintaining rank order in relation to other
individuals
- But changing the manifestations of the trait
- e.g. aggression
36
Personality Change
1. Internal and not merely changes in the external surroundings
2. Enduring over time, rather than being merely temporary
37
Personality Stability Over Time (Correlation)
- Average correlations across traits, scales, and time intervals is about +.65
38
Consistency Over time
- Personality rooted in biological basis is difficult to change e.g. extraversion, sensation seeking, activity level, shyness
- Attitudes, interests, opinion could be changed more easily
39
“Big five” Stability Over Time
- A consistent mean level stability over time after 50 years old
- Openness, extraversion, and neuroticism decline until 50
- Conscientiousness and agreeableness gradually increase over time.
40
Self-esteem Changes
- Early adolescence to early adulthood: harder on women
41
Self-esteem Variability
- Magnitude of short-term changes
- An indicator of vulnerability to stressful life events.
42
Flexibility & Impulsivity
Decrease a long the age
43
Ambition
Age 20 to 40
- Ambition is highly decreased in the first 8 years
- Continue to decrease in 12 years later
44
Autonomy, Dominance, Leadership Motivation, & Achievement
Increase over time
45
Sensation Seeking
Peaks: 18 to 20
1. Thrill and adventure seeking
2. Experience seeking
3. Disinhibition
4. Boredom susceptibility
46
Femininity
- Personality changes: 40 to 50
- Consistent drop: 40 to 50
- Menopause or estrogen decrease
47
Competence
Women showed a sharp increase: 52
Men: stable
48
Cohort effects
Personality change over time due to different periods of time that individuals exist
49
Personality Coherence examples
1. Marital Stability, Marital Satisfaction, and Divorce
2. Alcoholism and Emotional Disturbance
3. Education, Academic Achievement, and Dropping Out
50
Prediction of Personality Change
- Stability: Marrying the similar
- Change: Marrying the different
51
Psychoanalytic Approaches
Unconscious
Interaction between id, ego, and superego
52
Id
Pleasure principle
53
Ego
Reality principle
54
Superego
Moral principle
55
The process of psychoanalysis
- Interpretations
- Insight
- Resistance
- Transference
56
Needs and Motives Model
Need + Press -> Motives -> Behaviors
57
7 Types of Press
- Lack of companionship
- Family discord
- Lack of variety
- Betrayal of trust
- Inconsistent disciple
- Friendships
- Confinement
58
3 Types of Motive
- Need for Achievement
- Need for Power
- Need for Intimacy
59
Erickson’s 8 Stages of Development
- Trust & Mistrust
- Autonomy & Shame and Doubt
- Initiative & Guilt
- Industry & Inferiority
- Identity & Role Confusion
- Intimacy & Isolation
- Generativity & Stagnation
- Integrity & Despair
60
Karen Horney's Psychoanalysis
- Social power
- Culture
- Fear of success
- Gender differences
61
Object Relations Theory
Developing relationships with significant external others, particularly parents
62
Relationship style
- Secure relationship style
- Avoidant relationship style
- Ambivalent relationship style
63
Cognitive Approaches
Individual differences in cognitive processes
64
3 Levels of Cognition
1. Perception: organize information from sensory organs
2. Interpretation: give meaning or describe the
surrounding environment/events
3. Beliefs and desires: standards and goals that individuals use to evaluate oneself and others
65
Perception
- Field-dependent: unable to see the trees in
the forest
- Field independent : able to see objects
independent from the background
66
Interpretation
- Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory
- Locus of Control
- Learned Helplessness
67
Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory
Constructs interpret and predict events
- e.g. Anxiety comes from inability to understand and predict an event
68
Explanatory style
- Optimistic: External, Unstable, Specific
- Pessimistic: Internal, Stable, Global
69
Emotion & Personality
- Emotional states
- Emotional traits
- Happiness & life satisfaction
- Positive illusions
70
3 Components of Emotion
- Subjective feelings or affects
- Physical change esp. nervous system
- Behavioral tendency
71
Issues in Emotion Research
1. Emotional States Vs. Emotional Traits
2. Categorical approach Vs. Dimensional approach
- Pleasant/Unpleasant
- High Arousal/Low Arousal
3. Content Vs. Style
72
Does money make people happy?
At 7,000$ income and higher only 30% of people are very happy
73
Personality & Well-being
Extraversion -> Positive Affects -> Well-being
Neuroticism -> Negative Affects -> Well-being
74
Biology of Depression
Low level of Serotonin secretion
75
Beck’s Cognitive Model of Depression
3 Dimensions
- The self
- The world
- One's future
4 Contents
- Overgeneralizing
- Arbitrary inference
- Personalizing
- Catastrophizing
76
Type A personality
- Achievement strivings
- Impatience
- Competitiveness,
- Hostility
77
Style of Emotional Life
- Affect intensity
- Variability
78
Shyness
- When objective self-awareness become chronic
- Evaluation apprehension
- Social anxiety
- Amygdala being sensitive to fear
79
Defensive Pessimism
Expecting the failure so that when the failure happens, it will not add on the negative aspects to our own self
80
DISC
2 Dimensions: Task-People Orientation and Outgoing- Reserved
- Dominance
- Influence
- Steadiness
- Conscientiousness
