Lecture 05 The Self Flashcards
(66 cards)
1
Q
Spotlight Effect
A
The belief that others are paying more attention to our appearance and behavior than they really
are
2
Q
Illusion of Transparency
A
The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others
3
Q
Self-concept
A
- The overall set of beliefs that people have about their personal attributes
- What we know and believe about ourselves
4
Q
Two Elements of Self-concept
A
- Self-schemas
- Possible selves
5
Q
Self-schema
A
- Beliefs about self that organize and GUIDE the processing of self-relevant information
- The elements of your self-concept, the specific beliefs by which you DEFINE yourself
6
Q
Cultural Influences on the Self-Concept
A
- Independent View of the Self
- Interdependent View of the Self
7
Q
Independent View of the Self
A
- Defines self through own INTERNAL thoughts, feelings, and actions and not other people’s
- Independent self: Construing one’s identity as an AUTONOMOUS self
8
Q
Interdependent View of the Self
A
- Defines self through RELATIONSHIPS to other people
- Recognizes that OTHERS’ thoughts, feelings, and actions affect one’s behavior
- CONNECTEDNESS and interdependence valued
9
Q
Individualism
A
- Priority: one’s own goals over group goals
- Identity: personal attributes rather than group identifications
10
Q
Collectivism
A
- Priority: the goals of one’s group
- Identity: one’s group
- More self-critical and focus less on positive self-views
11
Q
Planning fallacy
A
The tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task
12
Q
Impact Bias
A
Overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events.
13
Q
Functions of the Self
A
- Self-knowledge
- Self Control
- Impression management
- Self-esteem
14
Q
Self-knowledge
A
The way we understand who we are and organize this information
15
Q
Self Control
A
The way we make plans and execute decisions
16
Q
Impression Management
A
The way we present ourselves to others and get them to see us as we want to be seen
17
Q
Self-esteem
A
The way we maintain positive views of ourselves
18
Q
Introspection
A
The process whereby people look inward and examine their own thoughts, feelings, and motives
19
Q
Self-Awareness Theory
A
- Focus their attention on themselves
- Evaluate and compare their behavior to their INTERNAL STANDARD and values
20
Q
Destructive Ways to Escape the self
A
- Alcohol abuse
- Binge eating
- Sexual masochism
21
Q
Constructive Ways to Escape the self
A
– Religious expression
– Spirituality
22
Q
Self-Perception Theory
A
- When our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous
- We infer these states by OBSERVING our behavior and the situation in which it occurs
- Judge whether their behavior really reflects how we FEEL or the SITUATION that made us act that way
23
Q
Intrinsic Motivation
A
Engage in an activity because of ENJOYMENT and interest
24
Q
Extrinsic Motivation
A
Engage in an activity because of external reasons
25
Over-justification Effect
Extrinsic > Intrinsic
26
How to Make Temporary Changes
External justification
- Large reward
- Sever punishment
(No choice)
27
How to Make Lasting Changes
Internal justification
- Small reward
- Mild punishment
(It's a right thing to do)
28
How to Preserve Intrinsic Interest
1. Task-contingent rewards
2. Performance-contingent rewards
3. Avoiding over-justification when using rewards
29
Task-contingent Rewards
– Rewards that are given for (JUST) PERFORMING a task, regardless of how well the task is done
30
Performance-contingent Rewards
– Rewards that are based on HOW WELL we perform a task
31
Which reward type is less damaging to intrinsic interest?
Performance-contingent Rewards
32
Fixed Mindset
The idea that we have a set amount of an ability that cannot change
- More likely to give up and do poorly on subsequent
tasks after failure
33
Growth Mindset
The idea that our abilities are malleable qualities that we can cultivate and grow
34
The Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
1. Experience physiological arousal
2. Seek an appropriate explanation for it
35
How does context/environment affect different emotions?
Attribution of emotion based on injection or the activity
36
Misattribution of Arousal
Making mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do
37
Social Comparison
Evaluating one’s opinions and abilities by comparing oneself with others or one’s self in the past
38
When do people engage in social comparison?
– No objective standard exists to measure against
– When we experience UNCERTAINTY
39
With whom do people choose to compare yourself?
– Initial impulse: anyone who is around (occurs quickly and automatically)
– The ones who have similar background.
40
Upward Social Comparison
Goal: know the furthest level to which we can aspire
- Comparing to people who are better on a particular ability
- Benchmarking with higher in rank or career
41
Downward Social Comparison
Goal: feel better about yourself
- Comparing to people who are worse on a particular trait or ability
- Compare ourself/performance to past performance
42
Looking glass self
- An individual's sense of self is shaped by their perceptions of how others view them
- Adopting other’s views when we want to get along with them
43
Social Tuning
The process whereby people adopt another person’s
attitudes
- Adopt the views of people they like
- Reject the views of people they do not
44
Self-Control
Making choices about present and plans for the future
45
Thought suppression
Attempt to avoid thinking about something we would prefer to forget
– Not that efficient!!
46
Explain why thought suppression doesn't work
The more we try not to think about something, such as an ex-boyfriend or the chips on the buffet table, the more those very thoughts keep coming to mind
47
How can self-control be improved?
Believing willpower is an unlimited resource
48
Self-presentation
EXPRESSING oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a FAVORABLE impression or an impression that corresponds to one’s ideals
49
Self-monitoring
Being ATTUNED to the way one presents oneself in social situations and ADJUSTING one’s performance to create the desired impression
50
Ingratiation
Flattering, praising, and generally trying to make ourselves likable to another person, often of higher status
51
Self-handicapping
- Creating obstacles and excuses for ourselves
- If we do poorly on a task, we can avoid blaming ourselves
52
Behavioral self-handicapping
REDUCE the likelihood of success so that if they fail, they can blame it on obstacles rather than ability
- Example: pulling an all-nighter before a test
53
Reported self-handicapping
Devise ready-made EXCUSES in case they fail
- Example: complaining about not feeling well when you take a test
54
Culturally Universal Impression Management
Desire to manage image we present
55
Culturally different Impression Management
Kinds of images we want to present
- E.g., “Saving face” is important in Asian cultures
56
Self-Esteem
- Overall EVALUATION (positive or negative) that people have of themselves
- A person’s overall self evaluation or sense of SELF-WORTH
57
How do people with high self-esteem react to threats?
- Compensating for it
- Blaming someone else
- Trying harder next time
These reactions help them preserve their positive feelings about themselves.
58
How do people with low self-esteem react to threats?
- Blame themselves
- Give up
59
Benefits of high self-esteem
Buffers against thoughts of own mortality
60
Terror management theory
- Self-protective emotional and cognitive responses
- Adhering more strongly to their cultural worldviews and prejudices
- When confronted with reminders of their mortality
61
Narcissism
- An inflated sense of self
- Combination of excessive self-love and a lack of empathy toward others
- Has increased in college students since the 1980s
62
Explain why didn't some self-esteem studies find significant results?
Maybe it's because there is an interaction effect of self-esteem and narcissism
63
Self-efficacy
A sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem, which is one’s sense of self-worth
- A sharpshooter in the military might feel high self-efficacy and low self-esteem
64
Self-serving Bias
The tendency to perceive oneself favorably
65
Self-serving Attributions
- A form of self-serving bias
- The tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors
66
Problems with Self-serving Bias
- Failure to account for luck or external factors
- Comparing oneself favorably to others
- Unrealistic optimism
- False consensus and uniqueness
- The actual problem will no be solved
