Lecture_10_Aggression

Question 1

Aggression

Answer 1

Any form of behavior directed toward the goal of harming or injuring another living being who is motivated to avoid such treatment

Question 2

Types of Aggression

Answer 2

1. Hostile aggression
2. Instrumental aggression
3. Relational aggression

Question 3

Hostile Aggression

Answer 3

Aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury

Question 4

Instrumental Aggression

Answer 4

Aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain

Question 5

Relational Aggression

Answer 5

To deteriorate other people’s relationship
- e.g. gossip, spread rumors

Question 6

Aggression Questionnaire

Answer 6

• Anger
• Physical aggression
• Hostility
• Verbal aggression

Question 7

Gender and Aggression

Answer 7

• Males behave aggressively to secure status (culture of honor) -> Female chooses male who offers greatest protection and resources
• Females are more verbally aggressive by using sarcastic remarks

Question 8

Cultures of Honor

Answer 8

Cultures that value individuals’ capability
- In the western culture, self-esteem is build on one’s capabilities

Question 9

Emotional Responses as a Function of Groups’ Perceived Warmth and Competence

Answer 9

• Warm + Competent = Admiration
• Warm + Incompetent = Pity
• Cold + Competent = Envy
• Cold + Incompetent = Contempt

Question 10

Biological Factors of Aggression

Answer 10

• Testosterone: Only correlation, no causation
• Mirror neurons

Question 11

Culture and Aggression

Answer 11

Cultures embedded with cooperative, collectivist values lower levels of aggression than European societies

Question 12

The Evolutionary View of Aggression

Answer 12

Natural selection

Question 13

Psychoanalytic Theory of Aggression

Answer 13

Sex and Aggression

Question 14

Social-Cognitive Learning Theory of Aggression

Answer 14

Role model

Question 15

Learning Theory of Aggression

Answer 15

Reinforcement & Punishment

Question 16

The General Aggression Model (GAM) Important

Answer 16

Integrative theoretical framework explaining how PERSONAL and SITUATIONAL input variables lead to aggressive behavior via
- Cognitive appraisal
- Negative affect
- Physiological arousal

Question 17

Changes in Aggression Across Time and Cultures

Answer 17

Changing social conditions can change behavior
- Competition -> increases aggression
- Conflict -> learn aggression

Question 18

Physiological Influences on Agression

Answer 18

• Alcohol
• Pain and heat

Question 19

Alcohol and Aggression

Answer 19

Alcohol reduces anxiety and lowers social inhibitions

Question 20

Think-Drink Effect

Answer 20

When people expect alcohol to have certain effects on them
-> more aggressive

Question 21

Pain, Heat, and Aggression

Answer 21

Bodily discomfort: heat, humidity, air pollution, crowds, and offensive odors
-> Lower the threshold for aggressive behavior

Question 22

Social Situations and Aggression

Answer 22

• Frustration-Aggression Theory
• ## Provocation and reciprocation

Question 23

Frustration-Aggression Theory

Answer 23

Frustration-the perception that you are being prevented from attaining a goal-increases the probability of an aggressive response
- Not absolute deprivation
- But relative deprivation: A discrepancy between what they have and what they expect to have

Question 24

Weapons Effect

Answer 24

The increase in aggression (heightened testosterone) that can occur because of the mere presence of a gun or other weapon

Question 25

Sexual Assault

Answer 25

Lack of consent remains the key criterion

Question 26

Sexual Scripts

Answer 26

Sets of implicit rules that specify proper sexual behavior for a person in a given situation, varying with the person’s gender, age, religion, social status, and peer group

Question 27

Violence and the Media

Answer 27

More violent after watching violent media - Especially, games that reward violence, awarding points or moving the player to the next level after a “kill” - Both violent video games and prosocial video games have direct effects on their players

Question 28

Desensitization

Answer 28

Psychic numbing or indifference to real victims

Question 29

The reasons behind Violence Media Induced Aggression

Answer 29

- Increase physiological arousal and excitement: an automatic tendency to imitate the hostile or violent characters - They prime existing aggressive ideas and expectations: approved ways of behaving when we are frustrated, angry, or hurt

Question 30

Punishing Aggression

Answer 30

- Extreme punishment (physical abuse) is a risk factor in children for the development of depression, low self- esteem, violent behavior, and many other problems - Consistency and certainty of punishment are more effective deterrents of violent behavior than severe punishment or death penalty

Question 31

Catharsis and Aggression

Answer 31

“Blowing off steam” Behaving aggressively or watching others to do so- relieves built-up anger and aggressive energy, reduces the likelihood of further aggressive behavior -DISCONFIRMED: Expressing anger often makes people angrier

Question 32

Blaming the victim of our aggression?

Answer 32

Cognitive dissonance: Justifying our action (He/She deserves it.)

Question 33

Why some people are more aggressive than others?

Answer 33

- Hostile Attributional Bias - Narcissism

Question 34

Hostile Attributional Bias/Style

Answer 34

Tendency to attribute hostile intentions to a person who has caused harm when it is unclear whether or not the harm was caused accidentally or on purpose

Question 35

Narcissism

Answer 35

Personality trait denoting a grandiose view of the self and strong sense of entitlement

Question 36

What are we supposed to do with our anger?

Answer 36

1. Venting versus self-awareness/self-control/self-regulation 2. Training in communication and problem-solving skills 3. Countering dehumanization by building empathy 4. Disrupting the rejection-rage cycle - Social rejection is the most significant risk factor for teenage suicide, despair, and violence

Question 37

Toxic Relationships: Blame-shifting & Gaslighting

Answer 37

Psychological manipulation of a person usually over an extended period of time that causes the victim to question the validity of their own thoughts, perception of reality, or memories and typically -> confusion, loss of confidence and self-esteem, uncertainty of one's emotional or mental stability, and a dependency on the perpetrator

Question 38

Discussion: Examples of toxic relationships and how to handle them

Question 39

Discussion: What makes you aggressive? 3. Discuss how to decrease or handle aggression (both towards and from others) in general and in daily life.

Question 40

Discuss how to decrease or handle aggression (both towards and from others) in general and in daily life.