perspective of sociology

Question 1

define society

Answer 1

A large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to same political authority and dominant cultural expectations

Question 2

5 studies that use social science

Answer 2

Health and Human services
Business
Communication
Academia
Law

Question 3

define sociological imagination

Answer 3

ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society

Question 4

What are the two dimensions of sociological imagination?

Answer 4

personal troubles and public issues

Question 5

Why is it important for countries to be aware of condition of other nations

Answer 5

it can affect our economy, political, environmental, and humanitarian levels.

Question 6

What year did revolutions take place that affect the origins of sociology

Answer 6

18th century

Question 7

What are the 3 main revolutions that took place

Answer 7

The enlightenment, industrialization, urbanization

Question 8

define the enlightment

Answer 8

produced an intellectual revolution in how people thought about social change, progress, and critical thinking. Started in the American Revolution then to French

Question 9

define industrialization

Answer 9

the change from dependence on agriculture and handmade products to an emphasis on manufacturing and related industries

Question 10

define urbanization

Answer 10

process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities rather than in rural areas

Question 11

many people moved from being ______ to being __________

producers; consumers
consumer; producers

Answer 11

producers; consumers

Question 12

What are some problems that come back from urbanization

Answer 12

inadequate housing, crowding, unsanitary conditions, poverty, pollution, and crime

Question 13

How do early thinkers develop their methods for sociology

Answer 13

began to apply methods that natural scientist used to discover the laws of human behavior and apply these laws to solve social problems

Question 14

Name the 4 early social thinkers

Answer 14

August Comte, Harriet Martineau, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim

Question 15

define positivism

Answer 15

A belief that world can be understood through scientific inquiry

Question 16

who is August Comte?

Answer 16

founder of sociology (1798-8157)
believed bias-free knowledge was attainable through the use of science rather than religion.

Question 17

What is the law of three stages

Answer 17

the theological, metaphysical, and scientific (or positivistic) stages

Question 18

what is the theological stage? Metaphysical stage? Scientific Stage?

Answer 18

Based on religion and supernatural

based on abstract philosophical speculation

based on systemic observation, experimentation, and historical analysis

Question 19

Harriet Martineau

Answer 19

(1802-1876)
advocate of racial and gender equality
Analyzed how industrialization impacted women, children, and other marginalized communities (criminals, mentally ill, disabled, poor, or alcoholic)

Question 20

Herbert Spencer

Answer 20

1820-1903
evolutionary perspective of social order and change
-belief that society developed through struggle and fitness “struggle of the fittest
-used to justify repression and neglect of minority groups (scientific racism)
-very flawed way of thinking, humans are able to chnage the environments they live in

Question 21

Emile Durkheim

Answer 21

1858-1917
- promoted scientific approach to examining social fact that lie outside individual
-founding figure of the functionalist theoretical tradition
-people are product of their social environment
-pre industrialization society was held together tightly by traditions and social agreements

Question 22

define social Darwinism

Answer 22

coined by Herbert Spencer
belief that those species of animals (including human beings) best adapted to their environment survive and prosper, whereas those poorly adapted die out.

Question 23

define social facts? who coined the term?

Answer 23

Emile Durkheim

patterned ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside any one individual but exerts social control over each person

Question 24

define anomie? who coined the term

Answer 24

Emile Durkheim

condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of the loss of shared values and a sense of purpose in society

Question 25

Karl Marx

Answer 25

1818-1883 analyze struggle (class conflict) between the capitalist class and the working class -believed society shouldnt be studied but also be changed because the status quo is oppressive to most members of society -revolution will result from workers becoming aware of their alienation

Question 26

define bourgeoisie? proletariat?

Answer 26

bourgeoisie: capitalist class who owns and controls the means of production proletariat: working class must sell their labor because they have no other means to earn a livelihood

Question 27

define class conlflict

Answer 27

struggle between capitalist class and the working class

Question 28

define class conflict

Answer 28

struggle between capitalist class and the working class

Question 29

define Alenation

Answer 29

exploited workers feel a sense of powerlessness and estrangement from other people and from themselves

Question 30

Max Weber

Answer 30

Held sociology should be value-free scientifcally, without personal values and economic interest getting in the way -mportant insights on the process of rationalization, bureaucracy, religion, and many other topics. * Was more aware of women’s issues than were many of the scholars of his day

Question 31

Georg Simmel

Answer 31

believed sociology's purpose should be to examine social interaction processes within groups -analyzed impact of industrialization and urbanization on people lives -identified that class conflict was becoming more pronounce in modern industrial societies

Question 32

What are the 5 contemporary theoretical perspective

Answer 32

Functionalist conflict feminist symbolic postmodernist

Question 33

Define theories

Answer 33

A logically interrelated statement that is used to describe, explain, and predict social events.

Question 34

Talcott Parson

Answer 34

1902-1979 advocate of functionalist perspective, stresses all society must make provision for meeting social needs to survive -division of labor is necessary for survival (gender role e.g. dad works, mother emotional support) -known as instrumental and expressive roles

Question 35

Robert K Merton (name and define 3 functions)

Answer 35

1910-2003 refined functionalism Manifest functions: intended and/or overtly recognized by the participants in a social unit. * Latent functions: Unintended functions that are hidden and remain unacknowledged by participants. * Dysfunctions: The undesirable consequences of any element of a society.

Question 36

what are functionalist analyzing

Answer 36

consumerism

Question 37

is shopping and consumption of necessary items a manifest function or a latent function

Answer 37

manifest function

Question 38

is malls being built for shopping for products that help increase self worth and visiting friend manifest function or latent function

Answer 38

latent function

Question 39

what is the conflict perspective

Answer 39

group in society are engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources -social life is a continuous power struggle among competing social groups

Question 40

the feminist perspective

Answer 40

-significance in gender inequality in the household, paid labor force, and in politics, laws, and cultures -examines patriarchy

Question 41

define patriarchy

Answer 41

hierarchal system where males possess greater power social and economic compared to female counterparts

Question 42

define macrolevel analysis

Answer 42

examine society as a whole, as a large scale cosial structures and social systems

Question 43

define microlevel analysis

Answer 43

focuses on small groups rather than large scale social structures- the focus of synbolic interactionsim

Question 44

define symbol

Answer 44

anything that meaningfully represents something else

Question 45

postmodern perspectives

Answer 45

attempts to explain social life in modern societies that are characterized by post-industrialization, consumerism, and global communications.

Question 46

what are postmodern perspectives are characterized by

Answer 46

decline of influence of social institutions such as family, religion, and education on people's lives; pursuit of individual freedom