chapter 3

Question 1

how do we learn about cultures

Answer 1

interaction observation and imitation

Question 2

what system is aprt of every known society

Answer 2

rule making

Question 3

nature vs nurture

Answer 3

Biologically determined vs social environment

Question 4

define material culture

Answer 4

physical or tangible creation that members of society, make, use, and share

Question 5

define nonmaterial culture

Answer 5

abstract or intangible human creations of society (attitudes, beliefs, and values)

Question 6

Customs and practices that occur
across all societies (sports, bodily
adornments, feasting).

symbols
cultural universals
tradition
component of culture

Answer 6

cultural universals

Question 7

What are the 2 perspectives on cultural universals

Answer 7

useful b/c ensure smooth operation of society

imposed by more dominant society on less dominant societies

Question 8

name components of cultures

Answer 8

symbols
language
values
folkways
laws

Question 9

why can’t culture exist w/o symbols

Answer 9

there would be no shared meaning among people

Question 10

define Language and types

Answer 10

symbols that express ideas and enable communication with one another

verbal
nonverbal (gesture, written)

Question 10

define Language and types

Answer 10

symbols that express ideas and enable communication with one another

verbal
nonverbal (gesture, written)

Question 11

What is the hypothesis that states language shapes its speakers’ view of reality such as gendered language being present in some cultures but not others?

Answer 11

Sapir Whorf hypothesis

Question 12

how is gender and language intertwined

Answer 12

using pronouns such as she/he
reinforcing women as sexual objects
position of powers
and masculine forms in general reference (mankind)

Question 13

how does language race and ethnicity intertwine

Answer 13

expression may have ethnic overtones
black hearted, black and indigenous people being called uncivilized, “fought for rights” vs “given rights”

Question 14

define values

Answer 14

collective ideas about what is right or wrong, desirable etc in particular culture

Question 15

ideal vs real culture

Answer 15

values ppl in society say the hold vs what they actually follow

Question 16

prescriptive vs proscriptive

Answer 16

appropriate behaviors vs inappropriate

Question 17

what are sanction

Answer 17

rewards for appropriate behavior or penalties for inappropriate behavior

Question 18

define folkways

Answer 18

informal norms that may be violated with no serious consequence within a culture

Question 19

Strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences in a particular culture.

taboos
mores
laws
folkways

Answer 19

mores

Question 20

define taboos

Answer 20

Mores so strong that violation is extremely offensive and unmentionable

Question 21

define laws

Answer 21

formal norms that have legislature and are enforced by formal sanctions

Question 22

civil law vs criminal law

Answer 22

disputes between people vs public safety and well being

Question 23

define cultural change

Answer 23

changes in material and non material level due to technology updates

Question 24

new technologies make a ____ difference in lives like printing press and computers small significant

Answer 24

signifcant

Question 25

define cultural lag

Answer 25

coined by William Ogburn gap between technical Deveolpment (material) and its moral and legal institutions

Question 26

3 factors of change

Answer 26

discovery: learning something new or previously unrecognized invention: reshaping existing cultural item in new form diffusion: transmission of cultural items or social practice from one culture to another

Question 27

define subculture

Answer 27

group of people with distinctive belief that differs from larger society in significant way

Question 28

A group that strongly rejects dominant societal values and norms, and seeks alternative lifestyles is known as

Answer 28

counterculture

Question 29

The disorientation that people feel when they encounter cultures radically different from their own culture shock ethnocentrism cultural difference

Answer 29

culture shock

Question 30

define ethnocentrisim

Answer 30

tendency to regard ones own culture as standard and superiors to other groups

Question 31

why is cultural relativism so important

Answer 31

belief that customs in any culture must be viewed by cultures own standards to help get beyond ethnocentric view and fight violation of basic human rights in cultures

Question 32

what was Pierre Bourdieay theory

Answer 32

high culture is used by dominant class to exclude subordinate class (university education gives cultural capital to be successful in life)

Question 33

fads vs fashoin

Answer 33

fad is temporary followed by large numbers of people vs fashion is valued styled of behavior and thinking that last longer and more widespread

Question 34

The extensive infusion of one nation’s culture into other nations is known as

Answer 34

cultural impearlism

Question 35

4 Sociological Analysis of Culture

Answer 35

* Functionalist * Conflict * Symbolic Interactionist * Postmodern

Question 36

functionalist perspective

Answer 36

culture is important to bio and physical need, law and education and religion and art overtly focuses on stability to be significant to society but overemphasize harmony and cooperation while also failing to account for other factors

Question 37

DELETE

Answer 37

IGNORE

Question 38

conflict perspective/theory

Answer 38

values and norms create and sustain privileged positions while excluding other. creates consumption of commodities-- objects outside ourselves to satisfy needs and wants conflict of race, gender, and popular culture (negative stereotype of black women) strength in social inequalities, but small scoped only focused on divisivness

Question 39

Symbolic Interactionist Perspectives

Answer 39

society is sum of all peoples interaction, interaction, create, modify, maintain culture in daily life Simmel material and no material take on a life of its own. On money, meant for exchange of foods and services but no money affects social world and social status highlight changing culture with interaction but no framework and doesn't account for larger social structures

Question 40

postmodern perspective

Answer 40

Eurocentric lens conditions view of culture and produce a simulated (unreal) version of the world media exposure creates hyperreality. emphasizes that single perspective cannot fully grasp complexity and diversity of social world reality may not be what it seems but lacks clear conceptualized ideas and pessimistic