Pg 102-107 Flashcards
Phonological process are either ___ or ____.
obligatory (apply 100% of the time)
optional (apply only some of the time or to some of the speakers)
If a process is ___, it always creates a given variant form of a phoneme called ___ in the context in which it applies
obligatory
allophone
Examples of obligatory phonological processes: (2)
vowel lengthening
nasalization rules of English
only some speakers apply it or speakers apply it only some of the time
optional
Example of optional phonological processes:
flap rule
anticipatory articulation
speech organs anticipate the position of future sounds
preservative articulation
articulation is held longer
preceding sounds affect a following one
assimilation
phonological process in which one phone becomes like a neighboring phone
it is explained by coarticulation
desde [dezde]
anticipatory assimilation
a preceding phone becomes more like a following phone
finca
ingles
perseverative assimilation
a following phone becomes more like a preceding phone
smile
assimilation can occur?
such as:
at various places of articulation
vocal cords (devoicing a voiced phone or voicing a voiceless one)
oral cavity
why is the process of assimilation not easy to see?
because it is accompanied by other phonetic processes.
What can assimilation explain?
historical changes in language
and changes in sequence?
T/F: because we have only written records of older languages like Latin, phonological processes can only be observed by studying changes in spelling, which is not accurate as observering speech directly.
TRUE
Sandhi
assimilation occurs across word boundaries
