Pg 89-94

Question 1

what is the phonetician’s task in describing the sound system of a language?

Answer 1

to determine how many phonemes it has and how many distinctive categories of vowels and consonants

Question 2

phonetic environment

Answer 2

refers to the relative position in which speech sounds occur

Question 3

Most Important phonetic environment

Answer 3

1. initial
2. final
3. Medial
4. intervocalic
5. prevocalic
6. postvocalic

Question 4

initial

Answer 4

after a pause

Question 5

final

Answer 5

before a pause

Question 6

medial

Answer 6

between to phones

Question 7

intervocalic

Answer 7

between vowels

Question 8

prevocalic and postvocalic

Answer 8

preceding or following certain sounds or a class of sounds

Question 9

Primary stress

Answer 9

’

Question 10

unstressed

Answer 10

“u”

Question 11

contractive distribution

Answer 11

phones occur in the same environment

Question 12

complementary distribution

Answer 12

phones in totally different environments

Question 13

Phonemes

Answer 13

phones that occur in the same environment and can change meanings of the words

Question 14

allophones

Answer 14

they are phonetically similar but alwasy ocur in different environments

Question 15

T/F sounds that are important im a langauge are apparently random in their distribution

Answer 15

T

Question 16

T/F sounds that are unimportant in a language are highly patterned and predicatavle in thier distibutions.

Answer 16

T

Question 17

Steps 1-4 of determining the status of sounds: different phonemes or allophone of the same phoneme

Answer 17

Identifying the sounds

Looking for Contrast

Look for Complementary Distribution

Use Near Minimal Pairs or Phonetic Environment of Less than a Word

Question 18

Minimal Pairs

Answer 18

pairs of words with different meanings and only one sound difference.

Question 19

What do minimal pairs prove?

Answer 19

That two different speech sounds are different phonemes of a language, because replacing ine with the other changes meaning.

Question 20

To prove that two phones in the corpus are ___ of a single phoneme, the phonetician has to find them in ___ ___.

Answer 20

allophones

complementary distribution

Question 21

Where one____ occurs the other __ occurs, vice versa

Answer 21

allophone

never

Question 22

two words with different meanings that differ in two phonemes

Answer 22

Near minimal pairs

Question 23

two sounds are found in the same environment, but there is NO change in meaning.

Answer 23

Free variation

Question 24

1 minimal pair used to prove that the sounds are___

Several near minimal pairs are needed to___

Answer 24

in contrast and are separate phonemes

convince phoneticians that the phones are in contrast.

Question 25

differing in one or two phonetic properties

Answer 25

phonetically similar

Question 26

general type of transcription, which shows only the phonemes of a language

are recorded in what?

Answer 26

broad (phonemic) transcription

slash bars

Question 27

A ___, or ___ transcription represents only the __ sounds of the language, that is, the general ___ of sounds, not the exact pronunciation.

Answer 27

broad
phonemic
distinct
category

Question 28

____ transcriptions, which are denoted by ___ can be pronounced by anyone who knows how to read the ___ symbols and ___ used

Answer 28

phonetic
brackets
IPA
diacritics

Question 29

T/F: phonologists (and native speakers) can almost always distinguish native from non-native pronunciation, even that of non-native speakers who are trained in phonetics because non-natives invariably pronounce some phonetic sequences differently from native speakers

Answer 29

true

Question 30

knowledge of ___, combined with accurate ___ transcriptions, is tremendously __ for learning how to speak in a way that is at least close to native speakers’ speech.

Answer 30

phonetics
phonetic
helpful