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Question 1

a good theory is a good theory if it can satisfy 2 requirements:

Answer 1

must describe a large class of observation of a model that contains only a few arbitrary elements.

it must make definite predictions about the results of future observations.

Question 2

explains how hundred of different phones are perveived by ordinary speakers of a language as a smaller set of phonemes

Answer 2

phonological theory

Question 3

what does the phonological theory predict?

Answer 3

that the sound systems of all human langauges will funtion in this way.

Question 4

Native speakers categorize all the sounds they hear into?

Answer 4

phonemic families

and do not perceive differences within the families becuase these differences cannot change meaning

Question 5

Linguitstics call all members of a phonemic family?

Answer 5

allophones

Question 6

prefix allo

Answer 6

variation of

Question 7

allophone

Answer 7

phones that are different varieties or pronunciations of of a phoneme

Question 8

why don’t we produce one sound for each phone?

Answer 8

Because the human vocal tract isn’t capable of accurately producing distinct, different speech sounds in a rapid sequence

Question 9

each sounds we produce is affected by?

Answer 9

the sounds that come before and after it.

Question 10

speech sounds are produced by?

Answer 10

the shape of the mouth

and the position of the tongue.

Question 11

We cannot move our ___ and ____ fast enough to prrevent what?

Answer 11

mouth
tongue
prevent influence from the preceding and following positions

Question 12

coarticulation

Answer 12

phones show the influence of neighboring sounds

Question 13

what does coarticulation explains?

Answer 13

the great majority of the differences and variations of phonemes

Question 14

Coarticulation is reflected in what?

Answer 14

in the universal game of “tongue twisters”

Question 15

word sequence that are very difficult to produce rapidly, especially repeatedly

Answer 15

tongue twisters

Question 16

what is the idea of a tongue twister

Answer 16

that your tongue will become confused or ‘twisted’ as it attempts to change from certain sounds to other sounds.
This will make you fail to produce the sounds accurately

Question 17

___ work by forcing speakers to ___ rapidly aross __ __, oftem with ____ sequence that are difficult to __ for.

Answer 17

tongue twisters
alternatre 
close boudaries 
assymetical 
plan

Question 18

T/F: because articulation of speech is not ___ and because each sound is influenced by the preceding and following sounds, most speakers fail to maintain a clear distinction between sounds; and they either swap one sound for the other in the wrorng place ot produce sounds that are somewhere between the two targets.

Answer 18

TRUE

Question 19

Do speakers produce articulatory errors in normal speech

Answer 19

YES

Question 20

What can tongue twisters teach us ?

Answer 20

1. human vocal tract is limited in terms of speed and accuracy
2. reveals that there is a range of sounds for each of the phones we recognize

Question 21

Range between sounds?

Answer 21

Not true for all communication systems that rely on sound

Question 22

Telephones system use __produced sounds to encode ___, but each sound is___ and ___, and there is no ___ between successive numerals

Answer 22

digitally
numerals
distinct
precise 
range

Question 23

In technical language, we say that each digital sound is

Answer 23

Discrete (not affected by neighboring sounds)

Question 24

T/ F: Computers can produce discrete digital sounds, in a sequence at very rapid rate without any variation in discrete sounds

Answer 24

TRUE

Question 25

The ___ ___ is a highly ___ instrument that produces a great many different sounds over a continious __-.

Answer 25

vocal tract
variable
range

Question 26

__ and __ do not ordinarily perceive this range (allophones) ; but what do they perceive ?

Answer 26

speakers
hearers
but only a relatively small set of distinct speech sounds (phonemes)

Question 27

English speakers perceive how many vowels and consonants

Answer 27

13-15 Vowels

24-26 consonants

Question 28

T/F: Speakers perceive hundred of speech sounds, though they perceive a smaller set

Answer 28

TRUE

Question 29

T/F : Speakers unconsciously assign every sound they hear to one of the phonemic categories of their language and mentally filter out the nuances (phonetic differenced that are not phonemic) in speech signals

Answer 29

TRUE

Question 30

Vocal tract severe limitation in what?

Answer 30

precision and speed

Question 31

The vocal tract can produce hundreds or thousands of different sounds, it cannot do so rapidly and precisely in varied sequences.

Solution

Answer 31

A solution for this dilemma is applied universally in human languages

It’s is to use a relatvely small number of recognized speech sound categories, in many different combinations, to convey ideas

Question 32

The number of recognized speech sound categories is relatively small (nearly less than 100 and on average of 36) the many hundred of sounds that speakers can actually produce can be __ into relatively __ number of __ which allows each category to be fairly __.

Answer 32

grouped
small
categories
broad

Question 33

T/F :by organizing sounds this way, the target for each recognized sound becomes fairly wide, and speakers can hit these wide targets.

Answer 33

True

Question 34

broad targets

Answer 34

allophone set (phonemes)

Question 35

the system speakers use to evaluate the shots (the sounds the speakers produce)

Answer 35

Phonological system

Question 36

Native speakers intuitively know?

Answer 36

which allophones belong to which phonemes

Question 37

T/F: The human ear is unable to hear the details in the speech system.

Answer 37

False

the ear is sensitive to wide ranges of sounds, and can discriminate among aprox. 1200 different pitches

Question 38

Does speech perception activate a totally different mode of hearing than listenting to other sounds?

Answer 38

YES

Question 39

non speech sounds:

Answer 39

they can hear a nuanced waveform taht varies continuously along the dimensions of pitch and loudness.

Question 40

sounds perceived as speech

Answer 40

automatically switch to categorical perception( a special mode of heaing)

Question 41

they automatically filter out the nuances in the speech stream and categorize the sounds into discrete categories that correspond to phonemes of their language.

Answer 41

categorical perception

Question 42

T/F: people untrained in linguistics tend to believe that speech consists of a fairly small inventory of discrete sounds.

Answer 42

TRUE

Question 43

Phonological processing

Answer 43

ingenious mental manipulations (without is human speech is impossible)