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RAD 1 > Pg 33- > Flashcards

Pg 33- Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

What is bremsstrahlung radiation

A

Interaction of incoming electron with target nucleus, electron passes close to nucleus and changes direction which causes loss of energy which is converted into xray

Makes up 85% of xray beam

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2
Q

What is characteristic radiation

A

A incoming electron interacting with a target electron, the electron collides with the K shell target electron knocking it outta orbit. To replace the K shell electron the outer shell electron moves down.

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3
Q

What are the two types of filtration with tube complex

A

Inherent and added

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4
Q

Filtration attenuates (reduces)

A

Beam intensity

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5
Q

Soft rays _______ the skin entrance and organ dose to patient

A

Increase, hence why they are filtered out. Normally measured in aluminum (AI) thickness

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6
Q

What is half value layer (HVL)

A

The amount of material needed to reduce beam intensity by 1/2. its used for filtration recommendations and regulations.

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7
Q

What is inherent filtration

A

From the oil and glass window, is equivalent to 1/2 mm of AI thickness. Manufacturers add 1-2 mm of AI to the housing port

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8
Q

How much filtration is required for 70-100 kV

A

2.5 mm

HVL for up to 125 kV is 3mm of AI most machines are this.

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9
Q

Most machines are rated a _____ kV

A

125 but usually dont use above 100 for spine, sometimes for chest

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10
Q

What limits the beam to the desired port or film size

A

Collimation,

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11
Q

Collimation helps reduce

A

Secondary exposure to patient and operator, also improves film quality by reducing the secondary rays

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12
Q

Where is a collimator fitted

A

On front of the tube housing

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13
Q

Collimators have ____ shutters and can be

A

4, adjusted to desired size, shutters are made of lead

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14
Q

2 adjustment knobs on collimator that both work

A

Independently

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15
Q

When smaller than film size there will be

A

Collimation cut off

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16
Q

If collimation is too tight the film will be

A

Over colliimated. To large then its under collimator

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17
Q

Cut off will be ______ or ______ due to primary beam absorption

A

White, light

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18
Q

Often the area of cut off is gray or dark due to secondary exposure from the patient but not

A

As dense as the primary exposure . Also can happen from off focus radiation (rays exiting anode other than the target)

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19
Q

Cut off occurs when

A

Collimating to part size instead of film size

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20
Q

Cut off will be equal if CR and film are

A

Centered

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21
Q

The center of a beam after collimation through the glass window is shown by cross hair formed by

A

Horizontal and vertical lines, postition the tube vertically and patient horizontally

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22
Q

Collimator accuracy is require to be within ____ of the distance between focal spot and film

A

2%

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23
Q

What are the 3 basic types of collimation

A

Manual- all adjustments made by operator
Semiautomatic
Automatic- semi and full automatic ar POSITIVE BEAM LIMITATION devices (PBL)

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24
Q

PG. 39 about cross hairs on patient look at it super easy

A

Yep!!!

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25
What is selective/ compensating filtration
Improves film quality, compensates for patients varied thickness
26
Selective filtration can
Lessen intensity to the thinner parts of the body, should be placed between the tube and patient to reduce exposure
27
What are portal filters
Are placed on the front of the beam limiting device, usually made of aluminum or copper.
28
Selective filters are ________ with spinal radiography
Necessary, used during full spine films and most A-P and lateral thoracic films
29
Selective filters can be used on feet to filter
Toes
30
A line can be seen between filtered and unfiltered part unless
The filter was tapered
31
Wedge filters taper
Thus no line of demarcation between the filtered and unfiltered area called wedge filter system
32
What is the most common filter used in chiropractic
Nolan filter system
33
What is a underpart filter
Refers to reducing the beam intensity after it passes through the patient thus adding unneeded exposure, mostly in the form of SPLIT SCREENS, often used for full spine films
34
Plating and arcing of the tube damage it which
Wears down the ball bearings causing slower rotation and anode surface melting
35
To help prevent tube failure
Limit the time you hold the rotor button to prevent increased thermionic emission. Excessive exposures may cause anode pitting of tube if not cooled sufficiently before another exposure
36
What are heat units (HU)
Calculates by mA x time x kV. Tube rating and tube cooling charts included
37
What is recommended if tube hasn't been used for a number of hours before a large exposure
Warm up, this prevents thermal shock to the anode which can cause your anode to crack or more likely the anode stem to crack and break off
38
If you need to increase the mAs do it either with the
MA STATION OR TIME
39
A lower mA setting will ______ tube stress
Lessen
40
Generators normally require
220 volts and 100 amps, some new units run on 100 volts called sorted energy units which operate with a battery. HOWEVER 220 is more commonly used
41
What do transformers do
Change incoming current
42
Whats a high voltage transformer
Converts volts to kilovolts 1000 volts= 1 kV and kV are needed for xray
43
_________ kV are most commonly used for offices
40-125
44
A high voltage transformer is also called a
Step up transformer or high voltage circuit
45
A filament circuit converts arms to
Milliamps (mA) 1/1000th of an amp is 1 milliamp 50-300 mA is usually used but can be higher (often 600)
46
The filament circuit is also called
Filament transformer or low voltage circuit or step down transformer
47
Rectifiers change current from
AC to DC
48
Alternating current (AC) electrons move
Forward and backward, this would send electrons to the cathode and destroy it
49
Direct current (DC) is needed for the tube bc
It travels in one direction from cathode to anode
50
What is rectification
Changes the AC to DC and is done by the recitifiers. They are diodes. Eliminates the lower (-) pulse of the cycle protecting the filaments. The result is HALF WAVE RECTIFICATION
51
What is full wave rectification
Changes the - to a + allowing 2 + pulses, more efficient than 1/2 wave rectification
52
What is kilovolt peak (kVp)
The desired kV
53
The kV builds up from 0 to the peak and then
Descends back to 0
54
All of the kV below the peak make up some of the exposure which this variable is called
Ripple, the less ripple the better
55
Single phase generators have
1 line source and has maximum ripple
56
A 3 phase generator has three separate intertwined incoming lines, which allows
More peaks and less dips. Results= less ripple Maintains kV, its more efficient but not practical due to to expense
57
High frequency generator have
Virtually no ripple allowing more accurate and predictable output. Even less ripple than 3 phase
58
Benefits of high frequency generators
Produces greater photon energy, has fewer soft rays, gives patient less exposure, is affordable
59
The longer the time, the more electrons bombard the anode which
Increases the number of X-rays
60
How long is exposure time
1/120th of a second to a couple seconds.shortest time is preferred to reduced the chance of patient motion
61
What are the types of timers
Synchronous, electronic, mAs, automatic exposure control
62
Which timers are most accurate and versatile
Electronic, wider in use
63
MAs timer combine mA and seconds in
1 control (popular), they are calculated using the lowest time and safest mA
64
Automatic exposure control (AEC) has
Photocells in front of a film
65
The 4 primary factors for controlling X-ray exposure are
Kilovoltage peak (kVp) Milliamperage (mA) Length of time of exposure Distance of the tube from the receptor
66
Photons striking the film is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
Inverse square law

RAD 1 (4 decks)

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